Table 4.
Factorial rANOVA and post hoc test results for the interaction of groups and depression, anxiety, stress, GSE, the SWLS, credibility, and expectancy
| Within subject effect df(F), p | Between subject effect df(F), p | Post hoc test Time *group df(F), p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | 1.91(4.22), p = .017 | 1.91(4.22), p = .017 | |
| T1-T2 *group | 1(6.33), p = .012 | ||
| T2-T3 *group | 1(7.64), p = .006 | ||
| T1-T3 *group | 1(0.01), p = .934 | ||
| Anxiety | 1.83(66.14), p < .001 | 1.83(4.03), p = .021 | |
| T1-T2 *group | 1(7.96), p = .005 | ||
| T2-T3 *group | 1(2.08), p = .15 | ||
| T1-T3 *group | 1(2.03), p = .156 | ||
| Stress | 1.91(78.59), p < .001 | 1.91(1.77), p = .172 | |
| T1-T2 *group | 1(2), p = .158 | ||
| T2-T3 *group | 1(0.18), p = .676 | ||
| T1-T3 *group | 1(2.68), p = .103 | ||
| GSE | 1.93(7.23), p = .001 | 1.93(1.02), p = .358 | |
| T1-T2 *group | 1(1.4), p = .238 | ||
| T2-T3 *group | 1(0.06), p = .805 | ||
| T1-T3 *group | 1(1.52), p = .218 | ||
| SWLS | 1.91(16.3), p < .001 | 1.91(1.99), p = .14 | |
| T1-T2 *group | 1(1.97), p = .161 | ||
| T2-T3 *group | 1(0.44), p = .51 | ||
| T1-T3 *group | 1(3.14), p = .077 | ||
| Credibility | 1(1.23), p = .269 | 1(45.17), p < .001 | |
| T1-T2 *group | 1(45.17), p < .001 | ||
| Expectancy | 1(4.68), p = .031 | 1(28.14), p < .001 | |
| T1-T2 *group | 1(28.14), p < .001 | ||
| WG | 1(86.06), p < .001 | 1(1.55), p = .214 | |
| T1-T2 *groupa | 1(1.55), p = .214 |
Abbreviation: T1 before the intervention at week 1; T2 one week after the intervention at week-2; T3 five weeks after the intervention at week 6; M mean; SD standard deviation; df degrees of freedom; p p-value; GSE General Self-Efficacy; SWLS Satisfaction With Life Scale
* refers to statistical interaction
aFor WG row, T1 = students’ weighted grades before the intervention, and in column T2, after the intervention, for simplicity in data presentation