Table 5.
Characteristics of the patients according to the carrier status of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
| Characteristics | MRSA carriage | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| On admission | ICU-acquired | Not carrier | P value* | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Total | 23 (100.0) | 35 (100.0) | 628 (100.0) | |
| Male (yes) | 12 (52.2) | 21 (60.0) | 372 (59.3) | 0.93 |
| Severe/critical status on admission | 19 (82.6) | 30 (85.7) | 476 (75.8) | 0.22 |
| Previous hospitalization | 11 (47.8) | 11 (31.4) | 168 (26.8) | 0.54 |
| Origin of patients before ICUa | ||||
| - community | 2 (8.7) | 1 (2.9) | 25 (4.0) | reference |
| - emergency room | 2 (8.7) | 13 (37.1) | 100 (16.0) | 0.47 |
| - other wards | 17 (73.9) | 18 (51.4) | 459 (73.1) | 1.00 |
| - other hospitals | 2 (8.7) | 3 (8.6) | 25 (4.0) | 0.61 |
| - others/no data | 0 | 0 | 16 (2.6) | 1.00 |
| Invasive devices before ICU | 16 (69.6) | 14 (40.0) | 283 (45.1) | 0.56 |
| Invasive devices in ICU | 22 (95.7) | 34 (97.1) | 599 (95.4) | 1.00 |
| - mechanical ventilation | 17 (73.9) | 21 (60.0) | 343 (54.6) | 0.53 |
| - indwelling urinary catheter | 21 (91.3) | 33 (94.3) | 575 (91.6) | 0.76 |
| - intravascular catheter | 17 (73.9) | 32 (91.4) | 465 (74.0) | 0.03 |
| Antibiotic in the last 3 months | 16 (69.6) | 23 (65.7) | 240 (38.2) | 0.001 |
| Antibiotic on ICU admission | 18 (78.3) | 31 (88.6) | 537 (85.7) | 0.81 |
| - > 1 drug | 5 (21.7) | 16 (45.7) | 211 (33.6) | 0.21 |
| Antibiotic in ICU | ||||
| - none | 2 (9.1) | 0 | 32 (5.1) | reference |
| - 1 drug | 10 (43.5) | 10 (28.6) | 294 (46.8) | 0.61 |
| - 2 drugs | 4 (17.4) | 7 (20.0) | 195 (31.1) | 0.60 |
| - > 2 drugs (3–7) | 7 (30.0) | 18 (51.4) | 107 (17.0) | 0.03 |
| - penicillins | 0 | 0 | 10 (1.6) | 1.00 |
| - penicillins + inhibitors | 8 (34.8) | 15 (42.9) | 172 (27.4) | 0.05 |
| - cephalosporins 1st & 2nd G | 3 (13.4) | 5 (14.3) | 146 (23.3) | 0.30 |
| - cephalosporins 3rd G /aztreonam | 5 (21.7) | 15 (42.9) | 205 (32.6) | 0.21 |
| - carbapenems | 8 (34.8) | 16 (45.7) | 121 (19.3) | <0.001 |
| - aminoglycosides | 0 | 1 (2.9) | 11 (1.8) | 0.48 |
| - fluoroquinolones | 6 (26.1) | 8 (22.9) | 102 (16.2) | 0.30 |
| - glycopeptides | 4 (17.4) | 15 (42.9) | 98 (15.6) | <0.001 |
| - others | 6 (26.1) | 10 (28.6) | 182 (29.0) | 0.96 |
| Type of discharge at 28 ICU daysb | ||||
| - discharged from hospital | 3 (13.6) | 8 (22.9) | 71 (11.3) | reference |
| - remain in ICU | 2 (9.1) | 6 (17.1) | 28 (4.5) | 0.27 |
| - other ward | 11 (50.0) | 18 (51.4) | 488 (77.7) | 0.008 |
| - death | 6 (27.3) | 3 (8.6) | 36 (5.7) | 1.00 |
| Age (year) | 71 (40–93) | 70 (20–99) | 65 (9–95) | 0.11 |
| Length of stay (days) | ||||
| - in hospital before ICU admission | 14 (0 – >60) | 3 (0 – >60) | 6 (0 – >60) | 0.12 |
| - in ICU | 7 (2 – >28) | 12 (3–28) | 4 (1 – >28) | <0.001 |
| - before MDR acquisition | – | 7 (3–27) | – | |
| Total antibiotic-days in ICU | 6 (0–26) | 6 (2–22) | 3 (0–28) | <0.001 |
*Comparing ICU-acquired MDRO patients to non carriers; aData are missing for 3 patients; bData are missing for 6 patients