Table 3.
Adjusted odds ratio (OR) for diarrheal disease associated with individual and country level characteristics among children under 5 years from developing countries calculated using an HLM multivariate multilevel logistic regressions population average fixed effects
| Model 1. Adjusted for children, mother and household characteristics | Model 2. Adjusted for model 1 and for country characteristics | 80 % IOR | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reliability | 99 % | 99 % | |||
| Variables | OR | CI | OR | CI | |
| Level-1 | |||||
| Children | |||||
| Female sex | 0.923 | [0.902, 0.944] | 0.922 | [0.900, 0.944] | |
| Age of the child (months) | 0.979 | [0.978, 0.979] | 0.978 | [0.978, 0.979] | |
| Immunizations | 0.820 | [0.773, 0.870] | 0.821 | [0.799, 0.843] | |
| Infant birth weight | |||||
| Low birth weight | Reference category | Reference category | |||
| Normal weight at birth | 0.881 | [0.838, 0.926] | 0.879 | [0.834, 0.926] | |
| No weighed at birth | 0.879 | [0.835, 0.926] | 0.879 | [0.834, 0.926] | |
| Duration of breastfeeding (months) | 0.984 | [0.982, 1.098] | 0.984 | [0.966, 1.098] | |
| Mother | |||||
| Age of the mother (years) | 0.987 | [0.986, 0.989] | 0.987 | [0.985, 0.989] | |
| Maternal Education | |||||
| No education of the mothera | 1.422 | [1.299, 1.557] | 1.416 | [1.283, 1.564] | |
| Elementary education | 1.430 | [1.341, 1.524] | 1.453 | [1.357, 1.556] | |
| High school education | 1.274 | [1.200, 1.353] | 1.286 | [1.205, 1.373] | |
| Superior education | Reference category | Reference category | |||
| Employment | 1.135 | [1.106, 1.165] | 1.136 | [1.106, 1.167] | |
| Planned pregnancy | 0.776 | [0.756, 0.797] | 0.774 | [0.753, 0.795] | |
| Household | |||||
| Nuclear family | 0.943 | [0.925, 0.974] | 0.949 | [0.923, 0.975] | |
| Urban residence | 1.047 | [1.014, 1.081] | 1.044 | [0.969, 1.079] | |
| Wealth Index | 0.950 | [0.922, 0.972] | 0.948 | [0.921, 0.977] | |
| Level – 2 | |||||
| Country | IOR | ||||
| Country-level Income | |||||
| Low income | 1.488 | [1.024, 2.163] | [1.094, 2.131] | ||
| Lower middle income | 1.157 | [0.786, 1.704] | [0.817,1.629] | ||
| Upper middle income | Reference category | ||||
| Inequality | 1.335 | [1.117, 1.663] | [0.954, 1.470] | ||
| Country-level Health expenditure | |||||
| Low health expenditure | Reference category | ||||
| Middle health expenditure | 1.192 | [0.888, 1.601] | [0.916, 1.548] | ||
| High health expenditure | 1.006 | [0.590, 1.715] | [0.989, 0.994] | ||
aSince “No maternal education” is involved in an interaction, it is important to clarify that the OR presented in the table is the effect of “No maternal education” in countries with high GDP per cápita, no inequality and low health expenditure
Statistically significant ORs are reported in bold (P values ≤ 0.05)