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. 2015 Aug 21;3:51. doi: 10.1186/s40478-015-0230-2

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© Umeda et al. 2015

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — Spine alteration in APP_OSK-expressing neurons. a Mouse primary neurons were doubly transfected with APP and GFP. Scale bar, 30 μm. Lower panels, enlarged views of the dendrites surrounded with a square. b Individual spines on dendrites of GFP-positive neurons were classified into the four types: mushroom, stubby, thin, and filopodia-like protrusions. Compared with mock-transfectants, APP_WT-expressing cells showed a small increase the number of total and mushroom-type spines with no significant changes in other types. In contrast, APP_OSK-expressing cells exhibited a significant reduction in the number of total and mushroom-type spines, but no significant changes in other types