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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Neurol. 2015 Jul 29;78(3):329–336. doi: 10.1002/ana.24470

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

Experiment 3: Modifying placebo improvement. A) Bar graph comparing “placebo” to “drug” when compared at time 0 and time 6 months, with the full set of patients and with the reduced subset based on Equation 1. Note that either modification (but not both together) results in statistically significant (star) differences between the two groups. B) Breakdown of “placebo” groups from A. Shown are curves that represent the percentage of the total population that have no greater than a specified amount of improvement in seizure frequency compared with baseline. The lower a curve is, the better, as lower percentage improvement with placebo alone is preferred. Thus, the time 6 months curve (red dashed) and the reduced time 0 (black dashed) appear to reduce the apparent placebo effects the most throughout the largest set of patients.