Table 3. The effect of different variables in statistical models and tests on leafhopper foraging movement activity and feeding.
| {Model No.} Dependent variable (Observation a ) | Predictors | df | Test statistics F/χ2 | η 2 (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 d : Does spider presence affect leafhoppers’ activity? | |||||
| {1} Duration of moving events b (M) | Observation duration b | 1,442 | 12.70 | 0.03 [0.01–0.07] | 0.0004 |
| Time b | 1,1339 | 27.34 | 0.02 [0.01–0.04] | <0.0001 | |
| Sex | 1,442 | 1.26 | 0 [0–0.02] | 0.263 | |
| Spider | 1,442 | 16.33 | 0.04 [0.01–0.08] | <0.0001 | |
| Spider × Sex | 1,442 | 7.47 | 0.02 [0–0.05] | 0.007 | |
| Leafhopper number | 1,441 | 0.08 | - | 0.784 | |
| Spider × Time b | 1,1338 | 0.06 | - | 0.808 | |
| {2} Duration of stationary events b (M) | Observation duration b | 1,445 | 91.86 | 0.17 [0.11–0.23] | <0.0001 |
| Time b | 1,1481 | 87.20 | 0.06 [0.04–0.08] | <0.0001 | |
| Spider | 1,445 | 31.69 | 0.07 [0.03–0.12] | <0.0001 | |
| Leafhopper number | 1,445 | 10.00 | 0.02 [0–0.06] | 0.002 | |
| Sex | 1,444 | 0.16 | - | 0.692 | |
| Spider × Sex | 1,443 | 0.09 | - | 0.766 | |
| Spider × Time b | 1,1480 | 0.92 | - | 0.337 | |
| {3} Number of movements c (M) | Observation duration | 1,128 | 245.59 | 0.66 [0.56–0.72] | <0.0001 |
| Spider | 1,326 | 10.09 | 0.03 [0.004–0.07] | 0.002 | |
| Leafhopper number | 1,326 | 5.14 | 0.02 [0–0.05] | 0.024 | |
| Sex | 1,127 | 1.53 | - | 0.218 | |
| Spider × Sex | 1,126 | 2.16 | - | 0.145 | |
| {4} Moving % foraging period b (M) | Observation duration b | 1,123 | 33.56 | 0.21 [0.10–0.33] | <0.0001 |
| Spider | 1,321 | 1.31 | - | 0.254 | |
| Leafhopper number | 1,321 | 2.32 | - | 0.128 | |
| Sex | 1,122 | 2.71 | - | 0.103 | |
| Spider × Sex | 1,121 | 0.71 | - | 0.403 | |
| Q2: Are nearby leafhoppers’ activity affected by act of predation and consumption? | |||||
| {5} Number of movements c (M) | Observation duration b | 1,196 | 86.74 | 0.31 (0.20–0.40) | <0.0001 |
| Predation period | 1,196 | 6.19 | 0.03 (0.001–0.09) | 0.014 | |
| Predation | 1,195 | 0.06 | - | 0.815 | |
| Sex | 1,195 | 0.35 | - | 0.553 | |
| Predation period × Predation | 1,194 | 1.68 | - | 0.196 | |
| {6} Duration of moving events b (M) | Sex | 1,127 | 13.14 | 0.09 (0.02–0.20) | 0.0004 |
| Predation period | 1,126 | 3.25 | - | 0.074 | |
| Observation duration b | 1,126 | 0.45 | - | 0.504 | |
| Predation | 1,126 | 0.02 | - | 0.902 | |
| Predation period × Predation | 1,124 | 0.01 | - | 0.941 | |
| Q3: Is leafhopper feeding affected by spider presence? | |||||
| {7} Time to feed (F) | Spider | 1 | 13.68 | - | 0.0002 |
| Sex | 1 | 12.03 | - | 0.0005 | |
| Spider × Sex | 1 | 4.8 | - | 0.028 | |
| {8} Duration of feeding (F) | Spider | 1 | 1.55 | - | 0.212 |
| {9} Feeding status/ Spider (F) | - | 1 | 27.18 | - | <0.0001 |
| {10} Feeding status/ Spider (M) | - | 1 | 61.57 | - | <0.0001 |
| {11} Feeding status/ Prey (F) | - | 1 | 6.43 | - | 0.011 |
| {12} Feeding status/ Prey (M) | - | 1 | 1.57 | - | 0.209 |
| Q4: Is leafhopper activity a predictor of becoming victim? | |||||
| {13} Number of movements c (M) | Observation duration b | 1,138 | 51.31 | 0.27 [0.15–0.38] | <0.0001 |
| Prey | 1,138 | 29.94 | 0.18 [0.08–0.29] | <0.0001 | |
| Sex | 1,137 | 0.27 | 0.601 | ||
| Sex × Prey | 1,136 | 0.03 | - | 0.858 | |
| {14} Duration of moving events b (M) | Observation duration b | 1,68 | 8.27 | 0.11 [0.01–0.25] | 0.005 |
| Sex | 1,34 | 0.21 | - | 0.646 | |
| Prey | 1,34 | 0.34 | - | 0.561 | |
| Sex × Prey | 1,32 | 1.57 | - | 0.220 | |
| {15} Moving % foraging period b (M) | Observation duration b | 1,261 | 35.84 | 0.12 [0.06–0.20] | <0.0001 |
| Status | 2,261 | 3.74 | 0.03 [0–0.07] | 0.025 | |
| Sex | 1,260 | 3.25 | - | 0.073 | |
| Sex × Status | 2,258 | 0.49 | - | 0.613 | |
| {16} Movement state/Prey (M) | - | 1 | 61.07 | - | <0.0001 |
| Q5: Is leafhopper activity correlated with spider activity? | |||||
| {17} Number of movements c (M) | Observation duration b | 1,265 | 72.47 | 0.21 [0.13–0.30] | <0.0001 |
| Leafhopper number | 1,265 | 27.55 | 0.09 [0.04–0.16] | <0.0001 | |
| Prey | 1,265 | 38.62 | 0.13 [0.06–0.20] | <0.0001 | |
| Spider activity | 1,265 | 3.91 | 0.01 [0–0.06] | 0.049 | |
| Spider weight | 1,264 | 3.19 | - | 0.075 | |
| Prey × Spider activity | 1,264 | 0.13 | - | 0.715 | |
| {18} Duration of moving events b (M) | Observation duration b | 1,167 | 5.53 | 0.03 [0.001–0.10] | 0.020 |
| Spider activity | 1,167 | 7.32 | 0.04 [0.003–0.11] | 0.008 | |
| Leafhopper number | 1,166 | 0.08 | - | 0.774 | |
| Prey | 1,50 | 1.40 | - | 0.242 | |
| Spider weight | 1,166 | 0.63 | - | 0.428 | |
| Prey × Spider activity | 1,49 | 2.23 | - | 0.142 |
Test statistics and P-values for the non-significant predictors were obtained by including them one by one into the final model (in bold). Test statistics is F for all LME/LM models {1–6}, {13–15}, {17–18} and χ 2 for CPH models {7–8}, Chi square test {9–12} and the proportion test {16}.
aObservations: M = Movement activity observation, F = Feeding observation
blog-transformed
csquare-root transformed
dnumbered question referring to questions in Material and Methods