Table 1. Diabetes therapy and outcome in type-1-diabetes patients aged ≤20 years, depending on maternal country of birth.

		Maternal country of birth
		Germany/Austria (reference)	Turkey	P-value	Southern Europe	P-value	Eastern Europe	P-value
N		25,107	736		517		1,283
Diabetes therapy
	Insulin pumps, %	37.9	26.8	<0.001	27.9	<0.001	32.6	<0.001
	Injection time-points, per day	6.48±0.01	5.87±0.08	<0.001	5.97±0.09	<0.001	6.28±0.06	0.002
		(n = 24,770)	(n = 730)		(n = 514)		(n = 1,276)
	Insulin dosage, IU/kg*d	1.037±0.002	1.054±0.012	ns	1.033±0.014	ns	1.057±0.009	0.035
		(n = 24,770)	(n = 730)		(n = 514)		(n = 1,276)
	SMBG, per day	5.88±0.01	5.72±0.08	ns	5.57±0.10	0.002	5.81±0.06	ns
		(n = 23,473)	(n = 717)		(n = 498)		(n = 1,244)
Acute diabetes complications
	Severe hypoglycemia, per 100 pat.years	16.13±0.02	15.51±0.14	<0.001	14.83±0.16	<0.001	22.09±0.13	<0.001
	DKA, per 100 pat.years	6.54±0.02	7.50±0.10	<0.001	7.13±0.11	<0.001	6.20±0.07	<0.001
Chronic diabetes complications
	Hypertension, %	28.3	32.0	0.030	26.5	ns	32.0	0.005
		(n = 24,358)	(n = 729)		(n = 509)		(n = 1,252)
	Dyslipidemia, %	39.9	44.1	ns	33.7	0.016	41.2	ns
		(n = 19,380)	(n = 560)		(n = 384)		(n = 1,019)
	Microalbuminuria, %	12.0	14.1	ns	11.9	ns	11.3	ns
		(n = 18,243)	(n = 558)		(n = 370)		(n = 999)
Patient care
	Hospitalization, per 100 pat.years	48.5±0.4	57.2±2.7	<0.001	46.7±2.9	ns	52.0±1.9	ns
	Duration of hospital stay, days per 100 pat.years	441±1	433±7	ns	355±8	<0.001	427±5	0.019
	Outpatient visits, per 100 pat.years	388±1	416±7	<0.001	392±9	ns	396±6	ns
		(n = 22,124)	(n = 685)		(n = 471)		(n = 1,161)

Based on multivariable regression, adjusted estimates (±SE) were calculated. Adjustments were made for age, sex, duration of diabetes. P-values are given for the comparison between people of native mothers (Germany/Austria) and offspring of mothers born in Turkey, Southern Europe or Eastern Europe. Abbreviations: DKA diabetic ketoacidosis, ns not significant, pat.years patient-years, SMBG self-monitoring of blood glucose.