Table 1.
Clinical and laboratory data of the study cohort, including control, obese, and obese subjects with DM2
| Parameter | Controls (N = 25) | Obese (N = 24) | Obese + DM2 (N = 33) | P | P control versus obese | P control versus obese + DM2 | P obese versus obese + DM2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical and biochemical characteristics | |||||||
| Age (years) | 49 [43–64] | 41 [32–49] | 54 [50–61] | 0.001 | 0.015 | 0.350 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24 ± 4 | 41 ± 6 | 44 ± 6 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.051 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.72 [4.08–5.30] | 5.33 [4.77–5.61] | 6.99 [6.30–9.10] | <0.001 | 0.014 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 35.9 [22.3–64.6] | 114.8 [61.8–179.4] | 197.9 [122.2–278.0] | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.20 [0.81–2.27] | 2.10 [1.30–3.18] | 1.76 [1.34–2.66] | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.588 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.64 [0.40–1.15] | 1.99 [1.07–3.19] | 4.02 [2.56–4.90] | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| SAT cell sizea (µm2) | 3346 ± 1494 | 6370 ± 1009 | 5765 ± 1192 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.381 |
| Sex steroids | |||||||
| SAT aromataseb (AU) | 94.0 [60.0–148.0] | 137.0 [70.0–226.0] | 92.5 [55.3–244.0] | 0.546 | 0.237 | 0.702 | 0.547 |
| Testosterone (nmol/L) | 16.36 ± 6.74 | 10.81 ± 5.09 | 7.17 ± 2.90 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.024 |
| Estradiol (pmol/L) | 63.9 [45.1–88.6] | 87.1 [57.8–103.1] | 67.5 [52.5–96.0] | 0.180 | 0.060 | 0.460 | 0.247 |
| Free testosterone (pmol/L) | 295.0 ± 138.7 | 239.5 ± 109.0 | 164.1 ± 69.9 | <0.001 | 0.174 | <0.001 | 0.029 |
| Free estradiol (pmol/L) | 1.17 [0.77–1.67] | 1.61 [1.13–2.15] | 1.32 [1.07–1.90] | 0.076 | 0.024 | 0.165 | 0.310 |
| SHBG (nmol/L) | 41.0 [32.3–49.0] | 22.4 [18.2–29.3] | 24.0 [16.4–27.9] | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.771 |
| LH (IU/L) | 5.0 [3.6–8.0] | 4.0 [3.0–5.1] | 4.6 [2.8–6.8] | 0.347 | 0.143 | 0.714 | 0.298 |
| FSH (IU/L) | 7.2 [4.3–17.3] | 4.2 [2.9–5.6] | 5.1 [3.6–10.5] | 0.024 | 0.010 | 0.173 | 0.076 |
BMI, SAT cell size, T, and Free T were analyzed by one-way anova and Tukey HSD post hoc test. Non-Gaussian distributed variables were tested using Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U test. SAT subcutaneous adipose tissue; DM2 type 2 diabetes
aSAT cell size was determined in N = 16 controls, N = 12 obese men without DM2, and N = 22 obese men with DM2
bSAT aromatase expression was determined in N = 11 controls, N = 11 obese men without DM2, and N = 14 obese men with DM2