Table 1.

Involvement of miRNAs in stem cell differentiation and outcomes.

Differentiation lineage	Original cell type	Means of delivery	miRNA	OE	KD	Outcomes	Ref
Neuronal	mESC	Lipoplex transfection	miR-134	x		Enhances differentiation to ectodermal lineages	[63]
	mESC	Lipoplex transfection	miR-34a miR-100 miR-137	x	x	Inhibition of these miRNAs blocks ESCs differentiation	[165]
	mNSC	Viral transduction	miR-106b-25	x		Enhances neuronal differentiation	[166]
	hNPC	Lipoplex transfection	miR-9		x
	mNSC	Lipoplex transfection	miR-9	x		Enhances neuronal differentiation	[76]
	Human fibroblast	Viral transduction	miR-9/9* miR-124	x		Enhances neuronal differentiation	[82]
	Cortical neurons	Lipoplex transfection	miR-124a		x	miR-124 is required for neuronal differentiation	[81]
	hNES	Viral transduction Lipoplex transfection	miR-153 miR-324-5p/3p miR-181a/a*	x		Ectopic expression of these miRs enhances neuronal differentiation	[167]
Hematopoietic	HPCs	Viral transduction	miR-181 miR-223	x		Increases lymphoid lineage cells Increases myeloid lineage cells	[87]
	HPCs	Lipoplex transfection	miR-223	x	x	miR-223 promotes granulopoiesis and impairs erythroid and monocytic differentiation	[89]
	Lymphoid progenitors	Viral transduction	miR-150	x		miR-150 promotes T cell differentiation	[168]
Musculoskeletal	MG-63 Osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cell line	Lipoplex transfection	miR-31		x	Inhibition of miR-31 promotes osteogenesis	[169]
	MC3T3 Osteoblastic cell	Lipoplex transfection	miR-29		x	Inhibition of miR-29 increased osteonectin protein levels	[97]
	3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes	Viral transduction	miR-103 miR-143	x		Accelerated adipogenesis	[102]
	3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes	Nucleofection	Let-7	x		Overexpression of let-7 inhibits adipogenesis	[103]
	hASC	Viral transduction	miR-21	x		miR-21 decreased proliferation of hASCs	[106]
	hMSC	Lipoplex transfection	miR-449	x	x	miR-449 negatively regulates chondrogenesis	[170]
Cardiovascular	mESC	Viral transduction	miR-1 miR-133	x		Promotes mesoderm formation. miR-1 promotes cardiac differentiation	[124]
	hESC	Viral transduction	miR-1 miR-499	x		Promotes cardiac differentiation	[126]
	hCPC	Lipoplex transfection	miR-1 miR-499	x	x	Increases cardiac differentiation at an earlier rate	[125]

mESC, mouse embryonic stem cells; mNSC, mouse neural stem cells; hNPC, human neural progenitor cells; hNES, human neuroepithelial-like stem cells; HPCs, hematopoietic progenitor cells; hASC, human adipose stromal cells; hMSC, human mesenchymal stem cells; hCPCs, human cardiac progenitor cells, OD: overexpression; KD: knockdown