Table 1.
Participant Characteristics Overall and According to Prediabetes Status: Results among Participants Enrolled in ORIGINS, 2011–2013
| All (N = 300) | No Prediabetes (n = 246) | Prediabetes (n = 54) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 34 ± 10 | 32 ± 1 | 42 ± 1 | <0.0001 |
| Female | 77 | 76 | 83 | 0.22 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.0004 | |||
| Hispanic | 47 | 44 | 57 | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 23 | 27 | 2 | |
| Black | 17 | 15 | 28 | |
| Other | 13 | 13 | 13 | |
| Education | <0.0001 | |||
| <High school degree | 4 | 2 | 13 | |
| High school degree | 7 | 5 | 15 | |
| Some college or vocational degree | 22 | 20 | 31 | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 45 | 49 | 28 | |
| >Bachelor’s degree | 22 | 24 | 13 | |
| Smoking status | 0.49 | |||
| Never | 78 | 79 | 72 | |
| Former | 12 | 11 | 17 | |
| Current | 10 | 9 | 11 | |
| Pack-years of smoking | 1.0 ± 3.6 | 1 ± 0.2 | 2 ± 0.7 | 0.02 |
| Activity level | 0.01 | |||
| None | 31 | 28 | 44 | |
| Low | 12 | 11 | 15 | |
| Moderate | 16 | 15 | 19 | |
| High | 41 | 45 | 21 | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.1 ± 6.1 | 26.5 ± 0.4 | 29.7 ± 0.9 | 0.0004 |
| Body mass index category | 0.001 | |||
| Normal | 44 | 49 | 24 | |
| Overweight | 33 | 32 | 37 | |
| Obese | 23 | 19 | 39 | |
| Family history of diabetes | 53 | 51 | 63 | 0.39 |
| Mean blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||
| Systolic | 117.7 ± 12.4 | 116.0 ± 0.7 | 125.6 ± 1.9 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic | 75.2 ± 9.6 | 74.2 ± 0.6 | 79.9 ± 1.6 | <0.0001 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||
| LDL | 97.9 ± 27.8 | 95.1 ± 1.7 | 110.9 ± 4.0 | 0.0001 |
| HDL | 59.2 ± 16.1 | 60.6 ± 1.0 | 52.8 ± 1.8 | 0.0012 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 77.4 ± 45.4 | 75.1 ± 2.9 | 88.1 ± 5.8 | 0.06 |
| Tumor necrosis factor α, pg/mL | 2.0 ± 2.3 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 0.24 |
| Interleukin 6, pg/mL | 1.6 ± 5.7 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 0.35 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 3.4 ± 8.5 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 0.98 |
| Adiponectin, ng/mL | 9,342 ± 4,850 | 9,691 ± 310 | 7,754 ± 616 | 0.007 |
| Inflammatory z score, standard normal units | −0.0008 ± 2.4 | −0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.0033 |
| Mean probing depth, mm | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.02 | 2.4 ± 0.04 | 0.21 |
| Mean attachment loss, mm | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.04 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 0.0007 |
| Periodontal bleeding on probing, % of sites/mouth | 50 ± 0.3 | 44 ± 0.02 | 54 ± 0.04 | 0.007 |
| Tooth loss, n | 4 ± 2.8 | 4 ± 0.2 | 4 ± 0.5 | 0.24 |
| Brushing frequency, % | 0.99 | |||
| <1/d | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1/d | 14 | 14 | 13 | |
| ≥2/d | 85 | 85 | 87 | |
| Flossing frequency, % | 0.25 | |||
| Never | 8 | 9 | 7 | |
| <Weekly | 17 | 18 | 11 | |
| Once a week | 14 | 15 | 9 | |
| More than once a week | 24 | 24 | 22 | |
| Everyday | 37 | 34 | 50 |
Values presented in mean ± SD or percentages. n = 2, missing for frequency of flossing or brushing; n = 6, missing values for activity level; n = 1, missing clinical periodontal measures; n = 1, missing for LDL cholesterol; n = 3, missing tumor necrosis factor α; n = 11, with undetectable C-reactive protein; n = 9 missing pack-years information.
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; ORIGINS, Oral Infections, Glucose Intolerance, and Insulin Resistance Study.