ES cell viability upon doxorubicin exposure. ES cells were cultured under static and flow perfusion conditions (S, static; B-04, 0.04 mL/min; B-08, 0.08 mL/min; and B-40, 0.40 mL/min) for 8 d and then exposed to doxorubicin (3 μM) for 2 d. Within each group, cell viability is shown as the DNA content of the drug-treated group normalized to the DNA content of the untreated group. Error bars represent the SD (n = 6), and broken line represents 100% baseline, i.e., no DNA change.