Table 1.

Mutagenic consequences of traversing 5ClC with several different DNA polymerases

Family	Polymerase	Domain	Species	Proofreading	% C→T induced by 5ClC
A	Pol I (Klenow fragment Exo+)	Bacteria	E. coli	Yes	4.4 ± 0.3
A	Pol I (Klenow fragment Exo−)	Bacteria	E. coli	No	4.4 ± 0.3
A	T4 DNA polymerase	Viruses	T4 phage	Yes	4.1 ± 0.2
A	Pol γ (gamma)	Eukaryota	H. sapiens	Yes	3.5 ± 0.3
B	Pol ζ (zeta)	Eukaryota	S. cerevisiae	No	3.4 ± 0.2
C	Pol III holoenzyme (in vivo)*	Bacteria	E. coli	Yes	4.6 ± 0.6
D	PfuTurbo†	Archaea	P. furiosus	Yes	5.8 ± 0.7
X	Pol β (beta)	Eukaryota	H. sapiens	No	9.1 ± 0.6
Y	Pol η (eta)	Eukaryota	H. sapiens	No	3.7 ± 0.7
RT	HIV RT	Viruses	HIV	No	4.9 ± 1.2

A panel of DNA polymerases spanning all known polymerase families (A, B, C, D, X, Y, RT) and all life domains was used to extend a primer annealed to an M13 ssDNA genome containing one 5ClC lesion. Subsequently, the newly synthesized strand was specifically PCR amplified (Fig. 3C), and the PCR product was analyzed with the REAP assay to determine the amount of C→T transitions induced by 5ClC.

^*The result from Fig. 2C.

^†The average of the two results from Fig. 3B.