Table.

Contributions of rural improvement, urban improvement, and urbanisation to change in mean height-for-age and weight-for-age Z scores, by region

	Height-for-age Z score			Weight-for-age Z score
	Rural component	Urban component	Urbanisation component	Rural component	Urban component	Urbanisation component
All 141 low-income and middle-income countries	0·64 (0·58 to 0·69)	0·27 (0·23 to 0·31)	0·09 (0·07 to 0·13)	0·55 (0·47 to 0·61)	0·30 (0·27 to 0·34)	0·15 (0·11 to 0·20)
Sub-Saharan Africa	0·55 (0·09 to 0·69)	0·22 (0·08 to 0·35)	0·23 (0·13 to 0·67)	0·52 (0·00 to 0·72)	0·15 (−0·10 to 0·28)	0·33 (0·14 to 1·03)
Central Asia, Middle East, and north Africa	0·51 (0·40 to 0·63)	0·42 (0·28 to 0·51)	0·07 (0·04 to 0·13)	0·48 (0·40 to 0·57)	0·46 (0·38 to 0·53)	0·06 (0·03 to 0·09)
South Asia	0·77 (0·69 to 0·86)	0·20 (0·11 to 0·27)	0·03 (0·01 to 0·06)	0·71 (0·61 to 0·78)	0·25 (0·18 to 0·32)	0·04 (0·02 to 0·09)
East and southeast Asia	0·68 (0·63 to 0·72)	0·23 (0·20 to 0·26)	0·09 (0·07 to 0·12)	0·61 (0·54 to 0·67)	0·26 (0·23 to 0·30)	0·12 (0·09 to 0·17)
Southern and tropical Latin America	0·37 (0·27 to 0·50)	0·59 (0·46 to 0·67)	0·04 (0·00 to 0·10)	0·31 (0·20 to 0·42)	0·63 (0·51 to 0·70)	0·07 (0·01 to 0·15)
Andean and central Latin America and Caribbean	0·32 (0·18 to 0·46)	0·49 (0·27 to 0·62)	0·20 (0·12 to 0·36)	0·35 (0·25 to 0·47)	0·51 (0·35 to 0·61)	0·14 (0·10 to 0·22)
Oceania	0·77 (0·09 to 1·52)	0·22 (−0·54 to 0·89)	0·01 (−0·09 to 0·12)	0·91 −0·72 to 2·16)	0·09 (−1·21 to 1·67)	−0·01 (−0·24 to 0·26)

Data are means of the posterior draws (95% credible intervals). The three components sum to 1·00. Any component can be negative or greater than 1·00 when one component causes an increase in height or weight in a particular region and another does the opposite.