. 2015 Jul;3(7):e341–e422. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00038-8

Table 2.

Associations between potential confounding and mediating variables and maternal age and offspring birthweight, gestational age at delivery, size at age 2 years, schooling and adult height, systolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose between cohorts

		Maternal age (years)	Birthweight (g)	Gestational age (weeks)	Height at 2 years (Z)	Weight-for-height at age 2 years (Z)	Schooling (years)	Adult height (cm)	Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	Fasting glucose (mmol/L)
Maternal schooling (correlation)
Brazil		0·06^‡	0·09^‡	−0·03	0·31^‡	0·14^‡	0·51^‡	0·12^‡	−0·01	−0·03
Guatemala		−0·05^*	0·08^*	−0·01	0·06	0·01	0·28^‡	0·12^‡	0	−0·06^*
India		−0·12^‡	0·17^‡	−0·02	0·45^‡	0·28^‡	0·38^‡	0·12^‡	0	0·02
Philippines		−0·05^†	0·05^*	0·04	0·33^‡	0·13^‡	0·46^‡	0·14^‡	0·04	−0·03
South Africa		−0·15^‡	0·06^†	0·06^†	0·16^‡	−0·01	0·21^‡	0·05^*	−0·09^‡	−0·03
Marital status (mean values)
Brazil
	Married	26·1	3203	39·3	−0·65	0·56	9·4	167·6	117·8	5·03
	Single	22·5^‡	3046^‡	39·3	−0·91^‡	0·53	8·4^‡	167·1	116·5	4·99
Guatemala
	Married	27·9	3075	39·4	−2·88	−0·26	4·7	156·6	112·2	5·23
	Single	26·1^†	2896^†	38·4^*	−3·20^*	−0·53^†	4·0^*	155·8	111·7	5·18
Philippines
	Married	26·5	2993	38·7	−2·41	−0·62	10·0	157·5	105·8	4·63
	Single	21·8^‡	2852^†	38·5	−2·34	−0·58	9·9	157·6	105·3	4·45^*
South Africa
	Married	28·4	3098	38·4	−1·02	0·02	11·1	166·1^‡	118·1	4·64
	Single	24·1^‡	3051^†	38·0^‡	−1·25^‡	0·30^‡	11·0	164·6	117·3	4·61
Wealth (correlation)
Brazil		0·22^‡	0·11^‡	−0·04^*	0·34^‡	0·17^‡	0·47^‡	0·10^‡	0	−0·06^†
Guatemala		0·02	0·11^†	−0·01	0·14^‡	0·09^†	0·23^‡	0·10^†	0·03	−0·01
India		0·11^‡	0·13^‡	−0·01	0·23^‡	0·17^‡	0·22^‡	0·05	0·03	0·02
Philippines		0·09^‡	0·08^‡	0·02	0·26^‡	0·15^‡	0·24^‡	0·12^‡	0·04	−0·01
South Africa		0·02	0·02	0·06^†	0·19^‡	−0·05	0·16^‡	0·03	−0·06^*	0·03
Urban (correlation)
Philippines		−0·06^†	0·04^*	−0·01	0·15^‡	−0·04	0·20^‡	0·04	0·01	−0·02
Ethnic origin (mean values)
Brazil
	White	26·0	3247^‡	39·4	−0·55^‡	0·61^‡	9·8^‡	167·9^*	117·3^†	5·02
	Black	25·8	3139^‡	39·2	−1·10^‡	0·44^‡	8·2^‡	166·7^*	119·4^†	5·00
	Asian	25·2	3225^‡	39·7	−0·98^‡	0·38^‡	8·3^‡	166·1^*	115·8^†	5·04
	Other	26·3	3207^‡	39·3	−0·99^‡	0·47^‡	7·8^‡	167·1^*	119·1^†	5·13
South Africa
	White	27·8^‡	3197^‡	39·0^‡	−0·37^‡	0·36^‡	11·6^‡	169·8^†	114·3^‡	NA
	Black	25·9^‡	3077^‡	37·9^‡	−1·24^‡	0·35^‡	11·1^‡	165·0^†	118·0^‡	4·62
	Asian	26·3^‡	2911^‡	38·8^‡	−0·77^‡	−0·58^‡	11·6^‡	167·1^†	111·0^‡	4·86
	Other	25·6^‡	3007^‡	38·9^‡	−1·13^‡	−0·51^‡	10·7^‡	164·9^†	116·1^‡	4·63
Maternal height (correlation)
Brazil		0	0·18^‡	0·04^†	0·38^‡	0·13^‡	0·19^‡	0·38^‡	0·03	−0·01
Guatemala		−0·01	0·14^‡	−0·02	0·30^‡	0·07^*	0·10^‡	0·32^‡	0·03	0·01
India		−0·02	0·09^‡	0	0·20^‡	0·08^‡	0·04	0·14^‡	−0·03	0·07^*
Philippines		0·06^†	0·20^‡	0·01	0·32^‡	0·14^‡	0·13^‡	0·34^‡	0·04	0
South Africa		0·01	0·09^‡	0·02	0·16^‡	0·03	0·04	0·27^‡	0·09^‡	0·02^*
Breastfeeding duration (correlation)
Brazil		0·09^‡	0·09^‡	0·04^*	−0·01	−0·05^‡	0·02	0·02	0·02	0
Guatemala		0·13^‡	0·06	0·03	0·13^‡	−0·11^†	−0·02	0·05	0·07	0·06
Philippines		0·04^*	0·05^†	0·04^*	−0·09^‡	−0·12^‡	−0·20^‡	−0·05^*	−0·01	0·03
South Africa		−0·01	0·04	0·01	−0·12^‡	0·04	0	0	0·04	−0·04
Parity (correlation)
Brazil		0·53^‡	0·07^‡	−0·04^*	−0·16^‡	−0·09^‡	−0·22^‡	−0·06^‡	−0·01	0
Guatemala		0·67^‡	0·21^‡	0·01	−0·04	0·03	−0·10^‡	−0·01	0	0·02
India		0·50^‡	0·08^‡	0·07^*	−0·21^‡	−0·11^‡	−0·19^‡	−0·12^‡	−0·03	−0·05
Philippines		0·64^‡	0·17^‡	0·03	−0·20^‡	−0·06^†	−0·14^‡	−0·03	−0·01	0·04
South Africa		0·68^‡	0·08^‡	0·06^†	−0·06^*	−0·02	−0·09^‡	0·04	0·10^‡	0

All participants in India were married. The Brazilian, Indian, and South African studies were set in exclusively urban areas. The Guatemala study was set in an exclusively rural area. Participants in India and the Philippines were classified as Asian and in Guatemala as other. Breastfeeding duration was not available for India. NA=data not available.

p<0·05.

^†

p<0·01.

^‡

p<0·001. p values for marital status are from a 2-sample t test; those for ethnic origin are from a 3 degrees of freedom F test.