Table 3.
Association between maternal age and low birthweight, preterm birth, 2-year stunting and wasting, non-completion of secondary education, adult overweight or obesity, high blood pressure, and abnormal glucose tolerance
| Low birthweight | Preterm birth | 2-year stunting | 2-year wasting | Non-completion of secondary schooling | Adult overweight or obesity | Adult high blood pressure | Adult impaired fasting glucose or diabetes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1—Maternal age (years; adjusted for sex only) | ||||||||
| ≤19 | 1·43 (1·26–1·62) | 1·44 (1·21–1·72) | 1·37 (1·20–1·56) | 1·12 (0·86–1·46) | 1·32 (1·15–1·51) | 1·07 (0·92–1·25) | 1·00 (0·87–1·16) | 0·87 (0·64–1·18) |
| 20–24 | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) |
| 25–29 | 0·83 (0·75–0·92) | 0·91 (0·78–1·06) | 0·84 (0·76–0·93) | 0·91 (0·75–1·11) | 0·80 (0·72–0·90) | 0·96 (0·84–1·08) | 1·05 (0·94–1·19) | 0·98 (0·78–1·23) |
| 30–34 | 0·82 (0·72–0·93) | 0·91 (0·77–1·08) | 0·93 (0·83–1·04) | 1·05 (0·84–1·31) | 0·86 (0·76–0·98) | 1·06 (0·92–1·21) | 1·11 (0·97–1·27) | 0·69 (0·52–0·91) |
| ≥35 | 0·94 (0·81–1·08) | 1·30 (1·08–1·57) | 1·18 (1·03–1·35) | 0·97 (0·74–1·28) | 0·99 (0·85–1·16) | 1·01 (0·86–1·19) | 1·08 (0·92–1·26) | 1·06 (0·79–1·41) |
| p* | <0·0001 | 0·29 | 0·02 | 0·64 | <0·0001 | 0·76 | 0·17 | 0·86 |
| p† | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | 0·16 | <0·0001 | 0·74 | 0·35 | 0·29 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for sex and socioeconomic factors) | ||||||||
| ≤19 | 1·36 (1·19–1·56) | 1·35 (1·12–1·62) | 1·23 (1·06–1·41) | 1·05 (0·80–1·38) | 1·13 (0·97–1·31) | 1·11 (0·95–1·29) | 1·00 (0·86–1·16) | 0·87 (0·64–1·19) |
| 20–24 | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) |
| 25–29 | 0·87 (0·78–0·97) | 0·91 (0·77–1·06) | 0·88 (0·79–0·98) | 0·95 (0·77–1·16) | 0·87 (0·77–0·99) | 0·95 (0·84–1·08) | 1·04 (0·93–1·18) | 0·98 (0·78–1·23) |
| 30–34 | 0·83 (0·73–0·94) | 0·92 (0·77–1·10) | 0·87 (0·77–0·99) | 0·98 (0·78–1·23) | 0·87 (0·76–1·01) | 1·05 (0·91–1·21) | 1·10 (0·96–1·25) | 0·69 (0·52–0·92) |
| ≥35 | 0·92 (0·79–1·07) | 1·28 (1·04–1·56) | 0·97 (0·83–1·13) | 0·79 (0·59–1·06) | 0·88 (0·74–1·05) | 1·02 (0·87–1·21) | 1·06 (0·90–1·24) | 1·05 (0·78–1·43) |
| p* | <0·0001 | 0·69 | 0·0009 | 0·19 | 0·001 | 0·59 | 0·30 | 0·88 |
| p† | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | 0·003 | 0·92 | 0·10 | 0·56 | 0·35 | 0·22 |
| Model 5 (adjusted for sex, socioeconomic factors, maternal height, breastfeeding duration, and parity) | ||||||||
| ≤19 | 1·18 (1·02–1·36) | 1·26 (1·03–1·53) | 1·46 (1·25–1·70) | 1·11 (0·83–1·49) | 1·38 (1·18–1·62) | 1·10 (0·94–1·29) | 0·95 (0·81–1·11) | 0·87 (0·63–1·20) |
| 20–24 | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·009 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) | 1·00 (Ref) |
| 25–29 | 0·96 (0·85–1·08) | 0·96 (0·81–1·14) | 0·72 (0·63–0·81) | 0·84 (0·68–1·04) | 0·71 (0·62–0·81) | 0·98 (0·86–1·12) | 1·07 (0·94–1·21) | 0·98 (0·77–1·25) |
| 30–34 | 0·94 (0·82–1·09) | 0·96 (0·79–1·18) | 0·63 (0·54–0·73) | 0·82 (0·63–1·06) | 0·63 (0·53–0·74) | 1·12 (0·96–1·30) | 1·13 (0·97–1·31) | 0·69 (0·51–0·94) |
| ≥35 | 1·03 (0·86–1·23) | 1·33 (1·05–1·67) | 0·64 (0·54–0·77) | 0·66 (0·48–0·90) | 0·59 (0·48–0·71) | 1·13 (0·94–1·36) | 1·08 (0·90–1·29) | 1·03 (0·74–1·44) |
| p* | 0·14 | 0·37 | <0·0001 | 0·01 | <0·0001 | 0·44 | 0·18 | 0·94 |
| p† | 0·001 | 0·0005 | <0·0001 | 0·32 | 0·0008 | 0·69 | 0·09 | 0·16 |
Data are odds ratio (95% CI).
*
p=p value for linear association.
†
p=p value for quadratic association. p values derived with logistic regression, with maternal age and maternal age2 as continuous variables and outcomes as binary.