Table 2.
Discriptive statistics for urine and blood cadmium levels in study participants
| Classification | N(%) | Urine cadmium, μg/g Cr | Blood cadmium, μg/L | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AM ± SD | p | GM(95 % CI) | p | AM ± SD | p | GM(95 % CI) | p | ||
| Age group | |||||||||
| 40–49 | 90(12.5) | 1.66 ± 1.23 | 1.55(1.38–1.74) | 1.46 ± 0.84 | 1.35(1.23–1.48) | ||||
| 50–59 | 237(33.0) | 2.18 ± 1.64 | 1.91(1.78–2.09) | 1.66 ± 0.85 | 1.51(1.45–1.62) | ||||
| 60–69 | 392(54.5) | 2.49 ± 2.61 | 0.004 | 2.04(1.91–2.14) | 0.003 | 1.79 ± 1.04 | 0.009 | 1.66(1.58–1.74) | 0.001 |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 489(68.0) | 2.13 ± 2.18 | 1.82(1.74–1.91) | 1.73 ± 0.97 | 1.62(1.55–1.70) | ||||
| Female | 230(32.0) | 2.63 ± 2.21 | 0.005 | 2.14(2.00–2.34) | <0.001 | 1.64 ± 0.95 | 0.254 | 1.48(1.41–1.58) | 0.065 |
| Region | |||||||||
| High exposure | 267(37.1) | 2.52 ± 2.80 | 2.04(1.86–2.19) | 1.88 ± 0.90 | 1.74(1.66–1.82) | ||||
| Low exposure | 452(62.9) | 2.15 ± 1.75 | 0.049 | 1.86(1.74–1.95) | 0.039 | 1.60 ± 0.99 | <0.001 | 1.48(1.41–1.55) | <0.001 |
| BMI | |||||||||
| <25 | 412(57.3) | 2.37 ± 2.46 | 2.00(1.86–2.09) | 1.79 ± 1.05 | 1.62(1.55–1.70) | ||||
| ≥25 | 307(42.7) | 2.17 ± 1.81 | 0.226 | 1.86(1.70–2.00) | 0.076 | 1.59 ± 0.83 | 0.006 | 1.51(1.41–1.58) | 0.026 |
| Diabetes | |||||||||
| Non-diabetes | 561(78.0) | 2.16 ± 1.70 | 1.86(1.78–1.95) | 1.70 ± 0.95 | 1.58(1.51–1.62) | ||||
| Diabetes | 158(22.0) | 2.72 ± 3.41 | 0.049 | 2.14(1.95–2.40) | 0.009 | 1.70 ± 1.02 | 0.926 | 1.58(1.48–1.70) | 0.955 |
| Smoking | |||||||||
| Non smoker | 247(34.4) | 2.51 ± 2.82 | 2.09(1.91–2.29) | 1.52 ± 0.94 | 1.45(1.35–1.51) | ||||
| Ex-smoker | 170(27.3) | 2.10 ± 1.78 | 1.78(1.62–1.95) | 1.53 ± 0.69 | 1.45(1.38–1.55) | ||||
| Current smoker | 302(42.0) | 2.21 ± 1.81 | 0.138 | 1.91(1.78–2.04) | 0.083 | 1.95 ± 1.06 | <0.001 | 1.77(1.66–1.86) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||||
| Non-drinker | 248(34.6) | 2.57 ± 2.76 | 2.09(1.91–2.29) | 1.69 ± 0.90 | 1.55(1.45–1.62) | ||||
| Ex-drinker | 96(13.4) | 2.33 ± 1.79 | 2.04(1.78–2.29) | 1.42 ± 0.80 | 1.38(1.26–1.51) | ||||
| Current drinker | 374(52.0) | 2.09 ± 1.84 | 0.028 | 1.78(1.70–1.91) | 0.013 | 1.79 ± 1.03 | 0.004 | 1.66(1.55–1.74) | 0.009 |
| Family income (won) | |||||||||
| ≤500,000 | 342(47.6) | 2.40 ± 2.24 | 1.95(1.78–2.09) | 1.71 ± 1.00 | 1.58(1.51–1.66) | ||||
| 500,000–1,000,000 | 147(20.4) | 2.15 ± 1.56 | 1.95(1.78–2.14) | 1.84 ± 0.98 | 1.70(1.55–1.82) | ||||
| 1,000,000–1,500,000 | 105(14.6) | 2.12 ± 1.50 | 1.86(1.66–0.29) | 1.60 ± 1.00 | 1.51(1.38–1.66) | ||||
| >1,500,000 | 125(17.4) | 2.29 ± 3.09 | 0.569 | 1.91(1.74–2.14) | 0.939 | 1.62 ± 0.80 | 0.177 | 1.48(1.38–1.62) | 0.164 |
| Menopausal status ( only female) | |||||||||
| Yes | 193(83.9) | 2.70 ± 1.54 | 2.19(2.00–2.40) | 1.65 ± 0.96 | 1.51(1.41–1.62) | ||||
| No | 37(16.1) | 2.27 ± 2.32 | 0.285 | 2.04(1.66–2.51) | 0.534 | 1.59 ± 0.96 | 0.736 | 1.45(1.20–1.70) | 0.653 |
Region was divided by kind of mines; high exposure region was Pb, Zn, Cu mines and low exposure region was otherwise mines
p-value was calculated by student t-test or ANOVA
BMI, body mass index; Cr, creatinine; AM, arithmetical mean; SD, standard deviation; GM, geometric mean; CI, confidence interval