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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 24.
Published in final edited form as: J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010 Dec 9;96(2):492–506. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.32987

Table 6.

Second generation self-healing systems

Trigger mechanism Autonomous healing? Healing mechanism References
Hydrogen bonding Yes Quadruple hydrogen bonds dimerized with 2-ureido-4-pyrimidone derivatives 62
Hydrogen bonding Yes Multiple hydrogen bonds formed between amidoethyl imidazolidone, di(amido ethyl) urea, and diamido tetraethyl triurea 86
Metal-ligand coordination Yes Bifunctional palladium or platinum coordinating with pyridine in hydrogel matrix 77
Heating No PPE repair achieved through oxygen and a copper catalyst resulting in polymerization 16
Steam No Polymerization of the PC backbone catalyzed by weak alkali 16,139
UV light No Recombination of free radicals to form PU crosslinks 80
Heat Yes Heat from projectile puncture repairs thin films of EMAA, ethylene-octene, and PB-g-PMA-co-PAN 74
Heat No Thermally reversible Diels-Alder cycloaddition of multi-furan and multi-maleimide 78,79
Heat No Thermoreversibility via denaturing double-stranded DNA crosslinks 69,87
Competitive binding No Competitive binding of a removal strand with DNA crosslink results in dissolution of DNA crosslinks 69,87
Electric field No Enhanced hydrogen bonding under positive electric field 140