Table 2. A comparison of the frequency of risk factors for cardiovascular disease among the FDRs of patients with chronic kidney disease and the controls.

CVD risk factors	FDRs (n = 230) n (%)	Controls (n = 230) n (%)	Odds ratio	95% CI	p-value
Presence of hypertension	56 (24.3)	29 (12.6)	2.23	1.33–3.76	0.01*
Presence of diabetes	20 (8.7)	6 (2.6)	3.56	1.32–10.10	0.01*
Presence of obesity	40 (17.4)	23 (10.0)	1.89	1.06–3.40	0.02*
Significant history of cigarette smoking	14 (6.1)	6 (6.2)	2.42	0.85–7.20	0.07
Presence of truncal obesity	46 (20.0)	39 (17.0)	1.22	0.74–2.02	0.40
Significant history of alcohol use	58 (25.2)	41 (17.8)	1.55	0.97–2.50	0.05
Presence of hyperuricaemia	14 (6.1)	4 (1.7)	3.66	1.10– 3.39	0.02*
Presence of dyslipidaemia	171 (74.3)	138 (60.0)	1.93	1.28–2.93	0.01*
Presence of reduced eGFR	13 (5.7)	4 (1.7)	3.38	1.01–12.50	0.03*
Presence of albuminuria	85 (37.0)	51 (22.2)	2.06	1.34–3.17	0.01*

CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FDRs, first-degree relatives of patients with chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. Moderate alcohol drinking was defined as consumption of one drink (14 g) per day. Moderate-to-heavy cigarette smoking was defined as smoking at least six cigarettes per day.