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. 2015 Aug 25;6:1243. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01243

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Copyright © 2015 Kriengwatana, Escudero, Kerkhoven and Ten Cate.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Group level performance of birds (A) and humans (C), and individual level performance of birds (B) and humans (E) on Experiment 2. Black circles represent the combined average of performance on speaker and gender normalization conditions (which were not significantly different from each other). Asterisks in (A) and (C) indicate that birds and humans correctly discriminated between NEW vowels because they responded significantly more to the Go than No-go tokens. Naïve participants performed worse than returning participants (D) in categorizing FAM No-go and NEW Go (*), but seemed to improve in their ability to categorize No-go tokens over trials (#). Note that for birds and multilinguals, FAM Go is significantly different from NEW Go (not indicated in the figure).