TABLE 1.
Child demographic characteristics, body composition, and dietary variables by LP and HP groups based on percentage of total energy derived from PUFAs1
| Total sample (n = 311) | LP group (n = 155) | HP group (n = 156) | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age, y | 9.6 ± 1.6 | 9.6 ± 1.6 | 9.6 ± 1.6 |
| Sex, % female | 47.0 | 43.9 | 51.0 |
| Tanner stage, % Tanner stage 3 | 13.1 | 9.7 | 16.7 |
| SES | 38.7 ± 14.5 | 39.9 ± 14.4 | 37.6 ± 14.5 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | |||
| European American | 39.0 | 41.9 | 36.1 |
| African American | 33.9 | 28.4 | 39.4* |
| Hispanic American | 27.1 | 29.7 | 24.5 |
| Genetic ancestry, % | |||
| European admixture | 52.3 ± 38.0 | 54.8 ± 37.5 | 49.8 ± 38.6 |
| African admixture | 29.8 ± 38.2 | 25.8 ± 3 6.4 | 33.8 ± 39.6 |
| Body composition | |||
| BMI-for-sex-and-age percentile | 66.1 ± 26.4 | 64.0 ± 28.4 | 68.7 ± 24.0 |
| Lean mass, kg | 25.6 ± 5.3 | 25.2 ± 5.0 | 26.0 ± 5.5 |
| Fat mass, kg | 8.9 ± 5.7 | 9.1 ± 6.1 | 8.8 ± 5.4 |
| Body fat, % | 23.5 ± 9.3 | 23.8 ± 9.5 | 23.2 ± 9.2 |
| IAAT,2 cm2 | 33.3 ± 22.4 | 36.0 ± 26.0 | 30.5 ± 17.6 |
| SAAT,2 cm2 | 93.0 ± 75.0 | 95.7 ± 75.2 | 90.2 ± 75.1 |
| TAAT,2 cm2 | 126 ± 94.2 | 132 ± 98.5 | 121 ± 89.5 |
| Daily intakes | |||
| Energy, kcal/d | 1887 ± 471 | 1860 ± 467 | 1915 ± 475 |
| Carbohydrate, % of energy | 51.2 ± 7.7 | 53.9 ± 7.3 | 48.5 ± 7.1† |
| Protein, % of energy | 15.0 ± 3.3 | 15.0 ± 3.4 | 15.0 ± 3.3 |
| Fat, % of energy | 35.0 ± 6.1 | 32.3 ± 5.7 | 37.6 ± 5.3† |
| SFAs, % of energy | 12.6 ± 2.7 | 12.6 ± 3.0 | 12.5 ± 2.3 |
| PUFAs, % of energy | 6.4 ± 2.6 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 8.1 ± 2.6† |
| Total PUFAs, g/d | 13.5 ± 6.7 | 9.8 ± 3.2 | 17.2 ± 7.2† |
| n–3 FAs | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.7† |
| α-Linolenic acid | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.6† |
| EPA | 0.03 ± 0.1 | 0.01 ± 0.0 | 0.04 ± 0.1† |
| DHA | 0.06 ± 0.2 | 0.03 ± 0.1 | 0.08 ± 0.2** |
| EPA+DHA | 0.08 ± 0.2 | 0.05 ± 0.1 | 0.10 ± 0.3** |
| n–6 FAs | 12.2 ± 6.2 | 8.8 ± 2.9 | 15.6 ± 6.7† |
| Linoleic acid | 12.1 ± 6.2 | 7.9 ± 2.0 | 16.3 ± 6.1† |
| Arachidonic acid | 0.11 ± 0.1 | 0.09 ± 0.1 | 0.14 ± 0.1† |
| PUFA:SFA | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.3† |
| n-6:n–3 FAs | 11.0 ± 4.1 | 9.9 ± 2.8 | 12.2 ± 4.8† |
| Energy expenditure | |||
| Physical activity,3 MVPA min/d | 54.9 ± 29.1 | 52.7 ± 28.4 | 57.0 ± 29.9 |
| REE, kcal/d | 1192 ± 235 | 1207 ± 257 | 1178 ± 212 |
1
Values are means ± SDs unless otherwise indicated. Values may not add up to 100% due to rounding. *,**,†Different from LP: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, †P < 0.001. HP, high-PUFA intake; IAAT, intra-abdominal adipose tissue; LP, low-PUFA intake; MVPA, moderate and vigorous physical activity; REE, resting energy expenditure; SAAT, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue; SES, socioeconomic status; TAAT, total abdominal adipose tissue.
2
A subsample of children (n = 209) had measures of IAAT, SAAT, and TAAT assessed (n = 104 in LP group; n = 105 in HP group).
3
Average minutes spent in MVPA per day.