TABLE 3.
Multivariable RR of incident paroxysmal and persistent/chronic AF by quintiles of FA intake in 33,665 women from the Women’s Health Study1
Quintiles of FAs |
|||||||
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P-trend | P-difference2 | |
Median of total fat, % energy | 22.3 | 26.9 | 30 | 33.2 | 37.8 | ||
Range of total fat, % energy | <25.0 | 25.0–28.4 | 28.5–31.4 | 31.5–35.1 | >35.1 | ||
Total, n | 6702 | 6810 | 6778 | 6710 | 6665 | ||
Paroxysmal AF | |||||||
Cases, n | 179 | 193 | 186 | 190 | 181 | ||
Basic model 13 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.07 (0.88, 1.32) | 1.05 (0.86, 1.29) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.36) | 1.11 (0.90,1.37) | 0.30 | |
Multivariable model 14 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.31) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.23) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.22) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.17) | 0.41 | |
Multivariable model 14 + intermediary factors5 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.06 (0.87, 1.31) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.23) | 0.95 (0.76, 1.18) | 0.48 | |
Persistent/chronic AF | 0.72 | ||||||
Cases, n | 92 | 104 | 83 | 89 | 99 | ||
Basic model 13 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.13 (0.85, 1.49) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.24) | 1.02 (0.76, 1.37) | 1.21 (0.91, 1.61) | 0.33 | |
Multivariable model 14 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.07 (0.80, 1.42) | 0.85 (0.62, 1.15) | 0.84 (0.62, 1.13) | 0.93 (0.69, 1.26) | 0.31 | |
Multivariable model 14 + intermediary factors5 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.08 (0.81, 1.44) | 0.85 (0.63, 1.16) | 0.86 (0.64, 1.16) | 0.97 (0.72, 1.77) | 0.48 | |
Median of SFAs, % energy | 7.2 | 8.9 | 10.1 | 11.4 | 13.4 | ||
Range of SFAs, % energy | <8.2 | 8.2–9.5 | 9.6–10.7 | 10.8–12.2 | >12.2 | ||
Total, n | 6693 | 6795 | 6766 | 6729 | 6682 | ||
Paroxysmal AF | |||||||
Cases, n | 179 | 213 | 187 | 181 | 169 | ||
Basic model 26 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.26 (1.00, 1.58) | 1.12 (0.87, 1.46) | 1.10 (0.83, 1.47) | 1.04 (0.75, 1.43) | 0.67 | |
Multivariable model 27 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.21 (0.96, 1.52) | 1.04 (0.80, 1.36) | 1.03 (0.77, 1.38) | 0.89 (0.64, 1.23) | 0.19 | |
Multivariable model 27 + intermediary factors5 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.22 (0.97, 1.54) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.39) | 1.05 (0.78, 1.40) | 0.94 (0.68, 1.30) | 0.32 | |
Persistent/chronic AF | 0.01 | ||||||
Cases, n | 93 | 81 | 102 | 87 | 104 | ||
Basic model 26 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.05 (0.75, 1.46) | 1.54 (1.07, 2.21) | 1.51 (1.01, 2.26) | 2.05 (1.32, 3.16) | 0.00 | |
Multivariable model 27 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.98 (0.69, 1.38) | 1.41 (0.97, 2.05) | 1.37 (0.91, 2.09) | 1.70 (1.08, 2.67) | 0.03 | |
Multivariable model 27 + intermediary factors5 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.01 (0.72, 1.42) | 1.50 (1.04, 2.16) | 1.41 (0.93, 2.13) | 1.81 (1.16, 2.83) | 0.01 | |
Median of MUFAs, % energy | 7.9 | 9.8 | 11.2 | 12.5 | 14.5 | ||
Range of MUFAs, % energy | <9.0 | 9.0–10.5 | 10.6–11.8 | 11.9–13.3 | >13.3 | ||
Total, n | 6707 | 6805 | 6781 | 6695 | 6677 | ||
Paroxysmal AF | |||||||
Cases, n | 189 | 178 | 192 | 183 | 187 | ||
Basic model 26 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.86 (0.67, 1.09) | 0.94 (0.72, 1.24) | 0.93 (0.68, 1.26) | 1.00 (0.70, 1.42) | 0.87 | |
Multivariable model 27 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.89 (0.70, 1.14) | 0.95 (0.72, 1.26) | 0.91 (0.66, 1.26) | 1.01 (0.70, 1.45) | 0.86 | |
Multivariable model 27 + intermediary factors5 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.88 (0.69, 1.13) | 0.95 (0.72, 1.26) | 0.90 (0.66, 1.24) | 0.97 (0.68, 1.40) | 0.97 | |
Persistent/chronic AF | 0.07 | ||||||
Cases, n | 97 | 96 | 96 | 82 | 96 | ||
Basic model 26 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.89 (0.64, 1.25) | 0.80 (0.54, 1.18) | 0.60 (0.38, 0.95) | 0.61 (0.37, 1.01) | 0.03 | |
Multivariable model 27 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.95 (0.67, 1.34) | 0.82 (0.55, 1.23) | 0.60 (0.38, 0.96) | 0.62 (0.37, 1.05) | 0.04 | |
Multivariable model 27 + intermediary factors5 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.93 (0.66, 1.31) | 0.82 (0.55, 1.22) | 0.60 (0.38, 0.95) | 0.62 (0.37, 1.04) | 0.04 | |
Median of trans fat, % energy | 0.58 | 0.85 | 1.09 | 1.38 | 1.91 | ||
Range of trans fat, % energy | <0.73 | 0.73–0.97 | 0.98–1.22 | 1.23–1.59 | >1.59 | ||
Total, n | 6712 | 6743 | 6744 | 6765 | 6701 | ||
Paroxysmal AF | |||||||
Cases, n | 199 | 177 | 195 | 164 | 194 | ||
Basic model 26 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.89 (0.72, 1.11) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.26) | 0.85 (0.66,1.09) | 1.03 (0.80, 1.33) | 0.60 | |
Multivariable model 27 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.13) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.26) | 0.80(0.62, 1.04) | 0.97 (0.75,1.26) | 0.91 | |
Multivariable model 27 + intermediary factors5 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.90 (0.72, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.79, 1.25) | 0.80 (0.62, 1.03) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.25) | 0.90 | |
Persistent/chronic AF | 0.84 | ||||||
Cases, n | 109 | 84 | 92 | 86 | 96 | ||
Basic model 26 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.75 (0.55, 1.01) | 0.85 (0.62, 1.16) | 0.82 (0.58, 1.15) | 0.95 (0.67, 1.36) | 0.85 | |
Multivariable model 27 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.72 (0.53, 0.99) | 0.81 (0.58, 1.12) | 0.77 (0.55, 1.10) | 0.87 (0.60, 1.26) | 0.75 | |
Multivariable model 27 + intermediary factors5 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.70 (0.51, 0.95) | 0.80 (0.58, 1.10) | 0.74 (0.53, 1.05) | 0.84 (0.59, 1.22) | 0.65 | |
Median of total PUFAs, % energy | 4.1 | 5 | 5.6 | 6.4 | 7.6 | ||
Range of total PUFAs, % energy | <4.6 | 4.6–5.2 | 5.3–5.9 | 6.0–6.9 | >6.9 | ||
Total, n | 6723 | 6739 | 6780 | 6694 | 6729 | ||
Paroxysmal AF | |||||||
Cases | 166 | 172 | 204 | 189 | 198 | ||
Basic model 26 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.31) | 1.22 (0.98, 1.52) | 1.14 (0.90, 1.43) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.46) | 0.24 | |
Multivariable model 27 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.05 (0.84, 1.31) | 1.20 (0.96, 1.50) | 1.10 (0.87, 1.39) | 1.13 (0.88, 1.45) | 0.34 | |
Multivariable model 27 + intermediary factors5 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.06 (0.85, 1.33) | 1.22 (0.98, 1.53) | 1.12 (0.89, 1.42) | 1.14 (0.89, 1.46) | 0.29 | |
Persistent/chronic AF | 0.74 | ||||||
Cases | 91 | 95 | 96 | 80 | 105 | ||
Basic model 26 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.10 (0.82, 1.48) | 1.10 (0.81, 1.50) | 0.96 (0.69, 1.34) | 1.24 (0.89, 1.73) | 0.35 | |
Multivariable model 27 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.06 (0.79, 1.44) | 1.05 (0.77, 1.43) | 0.90 (0.64, 1.26) | 1.11 (0.79, 1.57) | 0.79 | |
Multivariable model 27 + intermediary factors5 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.07 (0.79, 1.44) | 1.05 (0.77, 1.43) | 0.90 (0.65, 1.26) | 1.13 (0.81, 1.58) | 0.70 |
AF, atrial fibrillation; Q, quintile; ref, reference.
P value for the difference in the association between paroxysmal and sustained types of AF.
Adjusted for age, protein (percentage of energy), and total calories.
Adjusted for age, protein (percentage of energy), total calories, smoking, BMI, height, alcohol, exercise, education, race, randomization group (β-carotene, vitamin E, and aspirin), systolic blood pressure, and diagnosis of hypertension (SBP ≥140 and DBP ≥90 mm Hg or use of blood pressure–lowering medication), high cholesterol (total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL or use of cholesterol-lowering medication), and diabetes, all at baseline.
Includes diagnosis of incident hypertension (SBP ≥140 and DBP ≥90 mm Hg or use of blood pressure–lowering medication), high cholesterol (total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL or use of cholesterol-lowering medication), diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and congestive heart failure during follow-up.
Adjusted for basic model 1 plus SFAs, MUFAs, total PUFAs, and trans fat in the same model.
Adjusted for multivariable model 1 plus SFAs, MUFAs, total PUFAs, and trans fat in the same model.