TABLE 3.
RR of incident menarche before 11 y of age according to baseline intakes of caffeine, sugar, and aspartame in a biracial cohort of US girls enrolled at 9–10 y of age
| RR (95% CI) |
||||||
| Category | No. of subjects | Menarche age <11 y, n (%) | Model 11 | Model 22 | Model 33 | Model 44 |
| Caffeine | ||||||
| 0 to <25 mg/d | 1575 | 124 (7.9) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| 25 to <50 mg/d | 300 | 27 (9.0) | 1.14 (0.77, 1.70) | 1.45 (0.97, 2.18) | 1.37 (0.92, 2.05) | 1.32 (0.89, 1.98) |
| ≥50 mg/d | 113 | 14 (12.4) | 1.57 (0.94, 2.64) | 1.95 (1.19, 3.19) | 1.72 (1.04, 2.85) | 1.44 (0.84, 2.47) |
| P-trend5 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.12 | ||
| 1-SD increment | 1988 | 1.13 (1.01, 1.26) | 1.24 (1.12, 1.38) | 1.22 (1.08, 1.37) | 1.15 (1.02, 1.30) | |
| Aspartame (mg/d) | ||||||
| 0 mg/d | 1706 | 133 (7.8) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| <50 mg/d | 154 | 14 (9.1) | 1.17 (0.69, 1.97) | 1.45 (0.87, 2.42) | 1.41 (0.84, 2.35) | 1.35 (0.80, 2.28) |
| ≥50 mg/d | 128 | 18 (14.1) | 1.80 (1.14, 2.85) | 2.67 (1.68, 4.24) | 2.43 (1.51, 3.90) | 2.17 (1.34, 3.50) |
| P-trend5 | 0.047 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 | ||
| 1-SD increment | 1988 | 1.11 (1.01, 1.21) | 1.23 (1.13, 1.34) | 1.20 (1.10, 1.31) | 1.14 (1.03, 1.26) | |
| Sucrose | ||||||
| Tertile 1 (0.8 to <35.5 mg/d) | 662 | 51 (7.7) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Tertile 2 (35.5 to <55.2 mg/d) | 663 | 61 (9.2) | 1.19 (0.84, 1.70) | 1.22 (0.86, 1.75) | 1.22 (0.85, 1.73) | 1.22 (0.83, 1.69) |
| Tertile 3 (55.2 to 216.6 mg/d) | 663 | 53 (8.0) | 1.04 (0.72, 1.50) | 0.97 (0.65, 1.45) | 0.98 (0.66, 1.48) | 0.95 (0.63, 1.43) |
| P-trend5 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 0.94 | 0.79 | ||
| 1-SD increment | 1988 | 1.08 (0.94, 1.25) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.20) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.21) | 1.01 (0.86, 1.17) | |
| Fructose | ||||||
| Tertile 1 (0.9 to <17.1 mg/d) | 662 | 56 (8.5) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Tertile 2 (17.1 to <28.2 mg/d) | 663 | 56 (8.5) | 1.00 (0.70, 1.42) | 0.98 (0.68, 1.40) | 0.98 (0.68, 1.39) | 1.01 (0.71, 1.44) |
| Tertile 3 (28.2 to 102.2 mg/d) | 663 | 53 (8.0) | 0.95 (0.66, 1.35) | 0.96 (0.65, 1.44) | 0.94 (0.63, 1.40) | 0.95 (0.64, 1.41) |
| P-trend5 | 0.76 | 0.86 | 0.77 | 0.71 | ||
| 1-SD increment | 1988 | 0.98 (0.85, 1.13) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.13) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) | |
1
Unadjusted.
2
Adjusted for study center, baseline age, race (African American or Caucasian), parental education, total calories, and physical activity score.
3
Adjusted as for model 2 plus percentage body fat.
4
Adjusted as for model 3 plus caffeine and aspartame (in sucrose and fructose models), aspartame (in caffeine model), and caffeine (in aspartame model).
5
Calculated by treating categorical variables for caffeine, aspartame, sucrose, and fructose as continuous variables.