Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 25.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Serv Rev. 2011 Mar;85(1):39–74. doi: 10.1086/659129

Table 5.

Official Intermediary Steps
SPM
2 3 4 5
Overall (%) 12.4 12.6 14.3 16.9 17.0 16.0
Age (%):
 < 18 18.1 15.1 17.9 20.5 21.0 21.3
 18–64 10.8 11.4 13.0 14.3 14.4 13.8
 > 64 9.4 13.4 13.7 22.8 22.7 16.1
Race or ethnicity (%):
 White 8.3 8.7 9.8 12.1 11.9 10.1
 Black 23.7 21.8 24.9 28.5 28.4 28.8
 Hispanic 21.2 21.4 25.3 28.6 29.9 30.5
 Asian 10.0 11.5 12.4 14.4 16.0 15.9
 Other 16.8 16.3 18.3 20.3 19.8 19.3
Gender (%):
 Male 11.1 11.8 13.5 15.5 15.7 14.8
 Female 13.7 13.3 15.1 18.3 18.4 17.1
Nativity (%):
 U.S. born 11.9 11.8 13.4 15.9 15.8 14.6
 Foreign born 16.2 18.2 21.2 23.8 25.4 25.3
Region (%):
 Northeast 11.0 10.7 12.1 14.4 15.6 14.5
 Midwest 11.3 11.0 12.7 15.2 14.5 13.2
 South 13.9 14.6 16.6 19.7 188.9 17.3
 West 12.3 12.2 14.0 16.1 17.6 17.5

Note.—SPM – supplemental poverty measure. Estimates are based on 2008 March CPS.