Table 6. Findings from case-control studies of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
Risk estimates are for NHL unless otherwise stated
| Reference | Exposure | Factors of adjustment | No. of exposed cases | OR | 95%CI | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hoar et al 1986 [44] | Phenoxyacetic acids (almost all 2,4-D) | Age | 24 | 2.2 | 1.2-4.1 | Matched analyses gave similar results. |
| Woods et al 1987 [50] | Phenoxy herbicides (high) | Age | 1.24 | 0.8-1.9 | ||
| Pearce et al 1987 [52] | Probable or definite exposure to phenoxy herbicides for ≥5 days, >10 years before cancer registration | Decade of birth, interview with subject or next of kin | 23 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.5 (90% CI) | |
| Olsson and Brandt 1988 [54] | Exposure to phenoxy acides ≥1 day | Age, solvents, chlorophenols | 1.3 | 0.8-2.1 | Control group inappropriate. | |
| Zahm et al 1990 [55] | Mixed or applied 2,4-D | Age | 43 | 1.5 | 0.9-2.5 | |
| Dalager et al 1991 [57] | Service in Vietnam | Military branch | 100 | 0.91 | 0.64-1.28 | |
| Cantor et al 1992 [58] | Phenoxy herbicides | Vital status, state, age, smoking, family history of lymphopoietic cancer, non-farming job related to NHL, hair dyes, other substances associated with NHL in study | 118 | 1.2 | 0.9-1.6 | |
| Hardell et al, 1994 [60] | Phenoxyacetic acids | Chlorophenols, organic solvents, DDT, asbestos | 25 | 5.2 | 1.6-17 | |
| Kogevinas et al 1995 [61] | High cumulative exposure to phenoxy acids | Sex, age and country | 7 | 1.36 | (0.46-4.03) | Overlaps Kogevinas et al 1997 [22] and Lynge 1998 [31]. |
| Tatham et al 1997 [62] | Chlorophenoxy herbicides | Cancer registry, date of birth, age at diagnosis, year entered study, ethnicity, education, Jewish religion, never having married, AIDS risk behaviours, use of seizure medication, service in or off coast of Vietnam, smoking | 53 | 0.76 | 0.52-1.10 | |
| Fontana et al 1998 [63] | Work in rice fields (where phenoxy herbicides were widely used) | 1.1a 1.9b |
0.1-19.0 0.6-6.0 |
aMen bWomen |
||
| Hardell and Eriksson 1999 [64] | Phenoxyacetic acids | Age, county, vital status and year of death (by conditional logistic regression of matched sets) | 51 | 1.5 | 0.9-2.4 | |
| Persson and Fredrikson 1999 [65] | Occupational use of herbicides in farming or forestry (presumed to include phenoxy herbicides because widely used at time) for at least 1 year, 5-45 years before diagnosis/recruitment | Farming, age, sex, geographical area plus 11 other exposures | 16 | 2.6 | 1.1-6.1 | Crude index of exposure. Potential for exposure to phenoxy herbicides may have changed over time. |
| Miligi et al 2003 [69] | Medium or high probability of exposure to phenoxy acids | Area, age | 18a 11b |
1.0 1.3 |
0.5-2.0 0.5-3.7 |
aMen bWomen Both risk estimates are for NHL including CLL |
| Fritschi et al 2005 [70] | Phenoxy herbicides | Sex, age, ethnicity, region of residence | 5 | 1.75 | 0.42-7.38 | |
| Hartge et al 2005 [71] | ≥50 applications of herbicides with ≥1000ng/g of 2,4-D in carpet dust | Age, sex, race, geographic location | 0.89 | 0.49-1.59 | ||
| Mills et al 2005 [72] | High (v low) cumulative exposure to 2,4-D | Sex, age, length of union affiliation, date of first union affiliation, 15 other chemicals | 3.58 | 1.02-12.56 | ||
| Orsi et al 2008 [[73] | Phenoxy herbicides | Age, centre | 11a 3b |
0.9 0.4 |
0.4-1.9 0.1-1.7 |
aNHL bCLL |
| Eriksson et al 2008 [74] | Exposure to phenoxy acids for >45 days at least 2 calendar years before diganosis | Age, sex, year of diagnosis/enrolment | 15 | 1.27 | 0.59-2.70 | OR 2.83 (95%CI 1.47-5.47) for exposure for 1-44 days. |
| Pahwa et al 2012 [77] | Phenoxy herbicides ≥10 hours/year | Age, province, diesel oil, type of respondent (subject or proxy) | 129 | 1.45 | 1.13-1.87 |