Figure 1. Intermediate and long-term risk of new-onset heart failure after hospitalization for pneumonia.

CI denotes confidence interval. All estimates are adjusted for age, gender, race, coronary heart disease (prevalent at study entry and incident during the study), atrial fibrillation, diabetes, heart valve disease, smoking status, body mass index, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, glomerular filtration rate, serum C-reactive protein, left ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiogram, percent of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1, as measured by spirometry), use of anti-hypertensive drugs, use of aspirin, and use of statins. With the exception of age, gender, race, prevalent coronary heart disease at study entry, and percent of predicted FEV1; all covariables that were regularly updated during study follow-up were treated as time-dependent in the model.