Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics for youths and adults with bipolar disorder and healthy comparison youths and adults
| Bipolar disorder | Healthy comparisons | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Youths (n = 39) | Adults (n = 27) | All (n = 66) | Youths (n = 45) | Adults (n = 42) | All (n = 87) | |
| Characteristics | ||||||
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| Age, years, mean (SD) | 13.5 (3.0) | 21.2 (2.3) | 16.7 (4.7) | 14.0 (2.9) | 21.9 (2.2) | 17.9 (4.7) |
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| WASI FSIQ, mean (SD) | 106.6 (11.2) | 106.3 (11.4) | 106.4 (11.2) | 111.4 (7.5) | 110.5 (7.6) | 110.9 (7.5) |
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| Male, n (%) | 25 (64.1) | 17 (63.0) | 42 (63.6) | 23 (51.1) | 30 (71.4) | 53 (60.9) |
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| Female, n (%) | 14 (35.9) | 10 (37.0) | 24 (36.4) | 22 (48.9) | 12 (28.6) | 34 (39.1) |
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| White, n (%)a | 32 (84.2) | 22 (88.0) | 54 (85.7) | 35 (81.4) | 31 (75.6) | 66 (78.6) |
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| Non-white, n (%)a | 6 (15.8) | 3 (12.0) | 9 (14.3) | 8 (18.6) | 10 (24.4) | 18 (21.4) |
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| YMRS score, mean (SD)b | 7.2 (5.0) | 4.4 (2.8) | 6.0 (4.5) | |||
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| CDRS-R/HAM-D score, mean (SD)c | 29.1 (11.6) | 5.2 (4.4) | n/ad | |||
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| CGAS/GAF score, mean (SD)e | 62.3 (14.8) | 65.4 (11.9) | 63.6 (13.7) | |||
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| Onset age, years, mean (SD)f | 10.1 (3.4) | 9.1 (3.4) | 9.6 (3.4) | |||
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| Comorbid conditions, mean (SD) | 2.0 (1.1) | 0.7 (1.0) | 1.4 (1.2) | |||
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| Non-euthymic, n (%)g,h | 11 (28.2) | 4 (14.8) | 15 (22.7) | |||
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| Currently medicated, n (%) | 34 (87.2) | 11 (40.7) | 45 (68.2) | |||
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| Lithium | 11 (28.2) | 1 (3.7) | 12 (18.2) | |||
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| Atypical neuroleptic | 22 (56.4) | 2 (7.4) | 24 (36.4) | |||
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| Stimulant | 13 (33.3) | 6 (22.2) | 19 (28.8) | |||
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| Antidepressant | 6 (15.4) | 6 (22.2) | 12 (18.2) | |||
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| Antiepileptic drugs | 6 (15.4) | 5 (18.5) | 11 (16.7) | |||
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| Current comorbid conditions, n (%) | ||||||
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| ADHD | 27 (69.2) | 9 (33.3) | 36 (54.5) | |||
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| Oppositional defiant disorder | 27 (69.2) | 0 (0) | 27 (40.9) | |||
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| Generalized anxiety disorder | 5 (12.8) | 4 (14.8) | 9 (13.6) | |||
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For variables with missing data, percentages are calculated relative to the number of participants with data for this variable. BD = bipolar disorder; HC = healthy comparison; WASI FSIQ = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence full-scale intelligence quotient; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale; CDRS-R = Children’s Depression Scale–Revised; HAM-D = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; CGAS = Children’s Global Assessment Scale; GAF = Global Assessment of Functioning; ADHD = attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
One BD youth, two BD adults, two HC youths, and one HCadult did not report their race.
For YMRS scores, two youths’ and one adult’s scores were not available.
For CDRS-R/HAM-D scores, two youths’ and one adult’s scores were not available.
CDRS-R and HAM-D scores are not on the same scale and thus could not be averaged between age groups.
For CGAS/GAF scores, one adult’s score was not available.
For onset age, four youths and three adults did not have a precise age recorded, although all had confirmed illness onset before 18-years-old.
For non-euthymic youths, four were hypomanic, one was in a mixed state, and two were depressed. Four participants with missing YMRS or CDRS-R scores were counted as non-euthymic.
For non-euthymic adults, none were hypomanic or in a mixed state and three were depressed. One participant with a missing YMRS score was counted as non-euthymic.