Table 5.
Associations of knowledge of the participants about schistosomiasis with their employment status and household monthly income
| Variable | Employment status | Household monthly income | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not working | Working | OR | 95 % CI | <YR20,000 | ≥ YR20,000 | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Heard about schistosomiasis | 126(88.7) | 105(97.2) | 4.4 | 1.3, 9.6* | 140(89.2) | 91(97.8) | 5.5 | 1.2, 24.5* |
| Signs and symptoms: | ||||||||
| At least one symptom | 86(60.6) | 71(66.4) | 1.3 | 0.8, 2.2 | 97(61.8) | 60(64.5) | 1.1 | 0.7, 1.9 |
| Haematuria | 41(28.7) | 51(47.7) | 2.3 | 1.3, 3.8* | 49(31.0) | 43(46.7) | 2.0 | 1.1, 3.3* |
| Abdominal pain | 58(40.8) | 31(29.0) | 0.6 | 0.3, 1.0 | 62(39.5) | 28(30.1) | 0.7 | 0.4, 1.1 |
| Burning urination | 23(16.1) | 19(17.8) | 1.1 | 0.6, 2.2 | 25(15.9) | 17(18.3) | 1.2 | 0.6, 2.3 |
| Blood in stool | 26(18.3) | 15(14.0) | 0.7 | 0.4, 1.5 | 25(15.9) | 16(17.2) | 1.1 | 0.6, 2.2 |
| Itching | 18(12.7) | 15(14.0) | 1.1 | 0.5, 2.3 | 19(12.1) | 14(15.2) | 1.3 | 0.6, 2.7 |
| Pale face (anaemia) | 16(11.3) | 17(15.6) | 1.5 | 0.7, 3.1 | 20(12.7) | 13(14.0) | 1.1 | 0.5, 2.4 |
| Fatigue | 12(14.8) | 1099.3) | 0.6 | 0.3, 1.3 | 25(15.9) | 6(6.5) | 0.4 | 0.1, 0.9* |
| Swollen abdomen | 13(9.2) | 12(11.2) | 1.3 | 0.5, 2.8 | 14(8.9) | 11(11.8) | 1.4 | 0.6, 3.2 |
| Diarrhoea | 39(27.5) | 44(40.7) | 1.8 | 1.1, 3.1* | 43(27.4) | 40(43.0) | 2.0 | 1.2, 3.4* |
| Loss of appetite | 12(8.4) | 21(19.4) | 2.6 | 1.2, 5.6* | 15(9.5) | 18(19.4) | 2.3 | 1.1, 4.8* |
| Fever | 36(25.2) | 28(26.2) | 1.1 | 0.6, 1.9 | 43(27.4) | 21(22.6) | 0.8 | 0.4, 1.4 |
| Vomiting | 16(11.3) | 15(13.9) | 1.3 | 0.6, 2.7 | 17(10.8) | 14(15.2) | 1.5 | 0.7, 3.2 |
| Dysentery | 1(0.7) | 15(14) | 13.0 | 3.0, 37.0* | 6(3.8) | 11(11.8) | 3.4 | 1.2, 9.5* |
| Transmission: | ||||||||
| At least one way of transmission | 60(42.0) | 54(50.0) | 1.4 | 0.8, 2.3 | 69(43.7) | 45(48.9) | 1.2 | 0.7, 2.1 |
| Swimming / bathing / playing in infested water | 32(22.5) | 34(31.8) | 1.6 | 0.9, 2.8 | 38(24.1) | 29(31.2) | 1.4 | 0.8, 2.5 |
| Snail | 14(9.9) | 11(10.3) | 1.0 | 0.5, 2.4 | 18(11.5) | 8(8.6) | 0.7 | 0.3, 1.7 |
| Playing with soil | 34(23.9) | 43(39.8) | 2.1 | 1.2, 3.6* | 40(25.5) | 37(39.8) | 1.9 | 1.1, 3.3* |
| Dirty hands | 28(19.6) | 29(26.9) | 1.5 | 0.8, 2.7 | 35(22.2) | 22(23.7) | 1.1 | 0.6, 2.0 |
| Eating contaminated food | 34(23.8) | 23(21.3) | 0.9 | 0.5, 1.6 | 39(24.8) | 18(19.4) | 0.7 | 0.4, 1.4 |
| Drinking untreated water | 14(9.9) | 19(17.8) | 1.9 | 0.9, 4.1 | 22(13.9) | 12(12.9) | 0.9 | 0.4, 1.9 |
| Prevention: | ||||||||
| At least one preventive measure | 62(43.7) | 51(47.2) | 1.2 | 0.7, 1.9 | 67(42.7) | 46(49.5) | 1.3 | 0.8, 2.2 |
| Avoid swimming/playing in ponds/streams | 28(19.7) | 36(33.6) | 2.1 | 1.2, 3.7* | 37(23.6) | 27(29.3) | 1.3 | 0.8, 2.4 |
| Avoid washing clothes in ponds/streams | 15(10.5) | 11(10.2) | 1.0 | 0.4, 2.2 | 20(12.7) | 5(5.4) | 0.4 | 0.1, 1.1 |
| Avoid playing with soil | 33(23.2) | 38(35.5) | 1.8 | 1.0, 3.2* | 38(24.2) | 34(36.6) | 1.8 | 1.0, 3.2* |
| Washing hands before eating | 28(19.6) | 39(36.1) | 2.3 | 1.3, 4.1* | 35(22.3) | 31(33.3) | 1.7 | 0.9, 3.1 |
| Avoid drinking untreated water | 15(10.6) | 18(16.7) | 1.7 | 0.8, 3.5 | 16(10.2) | 17(18.3) | 1.9 | 0.9, 4.1 |
| Washing vegetables/fruit before eating | 29(20.4) | 24(22.2) | 1.1 | 0.6, 2.0 | 34(21.5) | 19(20.7) | 0.9 | 0.5, 1.8 |
| Taking anti-schistosomal drugs | 19(13.4) | 23(21.3) | 1.7 | 0.9, 3.4 | 19(12.1) | 24(25.8) | 2.5 | 1.3, 4.9* |
All values are number (%). OR, Odds ratio. CI, Confidence interval. *Significant association (P < 0.05)