Table 1. Population characteristics in the Toon Health Study.
| Men | Women | Total | |
| Number | 652 | 1247 | 1899 |
| Age, years | 58.5 (12.8)* | 57.0 (12.5) | 57.5 (12.6) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.0 (3.0)*** | 22.6 (3.2) | 23.1 (3.2) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 85.8 (8.2)*** | 81.8 (9.2) | 83.2 (9.1) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 128.8 (18.1)*** | 124.1 (20.5) | 125.7 (19.9) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 80.2 (11.3)*** | 73.8 (11.6) | 76.0 (11.9) |
| Triglyceridesa, mmol/L | 1.22 (0.02)*** | 0.97 (0.02) | 1.05 (0.02) |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.06 (0.77) | 3.13 (0.77) | 3.11 (0.77) |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.41 (0.35)*** | 1.66 (0.36) | 1.58 (0.37) |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.14 (0.83)*** | 5.42 (0.86) | 5.32 (0.86) |
| Fasting glucosea, mmol/L | 5.29 (0.06)*** | 5.02 (0.06) | 5.11 (0.06) |
| Fasting insulina, mmol/L | 35.4 (12.9)*** | 33.1 (24.0) | 33.9 (33.4) |
| HOMA-IRa | 1.20 (1.91)*** | 1.06 (1.77) | 1.11 (1.83) |
| Gutt’s ISIa | 1.82 (1.42)** | 1.90 (1.38) | 1.87 (1.39) |
| Medication for hypertension, % | 24.9*** | 17.7 | 20.2 |
| Medication for dyslipidemia, % | 8.1*** | 15.6 | 13.1 |
| Current smoker, % | 18.6*** | 3.7 | 8.8 |
| Regular drinker, % | 74.7*** | 39.7 | 51.7 |
| Physical activity, METs·h/day | 34.9 (4.9)*** | 36.0 (4.3) | 35.6 (4.5) |
| lnSNDD | 3.66 (0.49) | 3.62 (0.48) | 3.64 (0.48) |
| lnRMSSD | 3.34 (0.62) | 3.35 (0.62) | 3.35 (0.62) |
| lnLF | 5.15 (1.26)*** | 4.92 (1.26) | 5.00 (1.26) |
| lnHF | 4.66 (1.26) | 4.75 (1.22) | 4.72 (1.24) |
| LF:HF ratio | 1.13 (0.24)*** | 1.06 (0.22) | 1.08 (0.23) |
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HF, high frequency; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance; ISI, insulin sensitivity index; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LF, low frequency; METs, metabolic equivalents; RMSSD, root mean square of successive difference; SDNN, standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 for difference vs women.
aRepresented as geometric means and standard deviations.