Table 3. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios for elevated HOMA-IR (highest quartile) or lowered ISI (lowest quartile), grouped according to quartiles of heart rate variability parameters (n = 1899).
| HOMA-IR | Gutt’s ISI | ||||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
| SDNN | Q1 (lowest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Q2 | 0.83 | 0.62–1.11 | 0.92 | 0.66–1.28 | 0.70 | 0.52–0.93 | 0.73 | 0.53–0.99 | |
| Q3 | 0.77 | 0.57–1.04 | 1.01 | 0.72–1.42 | 0.67 | 0.49–0.90 | 0.79 | 0.57–1.09 | |
| Q4 (highest) | 0.65 | 0.47–0.88 | 0.79 | 0.56–1.13 | 0.53 | 0.39–0.72 | 0.59 | 0.42–0.82 | |
| P for trend | 0.002 | 0.062 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |||||
| RMSSD | Q1 (lowest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Q2 | 0.83 | 0.63–1.11 | 0.80 | 0.60–1.07 | 0.75 | 0.57–1.00 | 0.83 | 0.61–1.12 | |
| Q3 | 0.66 | 0.49–0.89 | 0.64 | 0.48–0.87 | 0.52 | 0.38–0.71 | 0.57 | 0.41–0.79 | |
| Q4 (highest) | 0.56 | 0.41–0.76 | 0.64 | 0.47–0.87 | 0.48 | 0.36–0.66 | 0.58 | 0.42–0.80 | |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.008 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| LF | Q1 (lowest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Q2 | 0.76 | 0.57–1.02 | 0.74 | 0.53–1.04 | 0.81 | 0.60–1.08 | 0.84 | 0.61–1.15 | |
| Q3 | 0.74 | 0.55–1.01 | 0.86 | 0.61–1.22 | 0.84 | 0.62–1.13 | 0.94 | 0.68–1.30 | |
| Q4 (highest) | 0.61 | 0.45–0.84 | 0.71 | 0.49–1.02 | 0.62 | 0.45–0.85 | 0.70 | 0.50–0.98 | |
| P for trend | 0.004 | 0.091 | 0.012 | 0.112 | |||||
| HF | Q1 (lowest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Q2 | 0.68 | 0.51–0.91 | 0.86 | 0.62–1.19 | 0.68 | 0.51–0.91 | 0.81 | 0.60–1.09 | |
| Q3 | 0.57 | 0.42–0.78 | 0.77 | 0.54–1.08 | 0.49 | 0.36–0.68 | 0.60 | 0.43–0.84 | |
| Q4 (highest) | 0.57 | 0.42–0.77 | 0.73 | 0.52–1.04 | 0.50 | 0.37–0.68 | 0.60 | 0.43–0.83 | |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.018 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| LF:HF | Q1 (lowest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Q2 | 0.90 | 0.67–1.23 | 0.86 | 0.61–1.22 | 0.88 | 0.64–1.20 | 0.86 | 0.62–1.20 | |
| Q3 | 0.98 | 0.72–1.32 | 0.94 | 0.67–1.32 | 1.03 | 0.76–1.40 | 1.02 | 0.73–1.42 | |
| Q4 (highest) | 1.18 | 0.88–1.58 | 1.05 | 0.75–1.47 | 1.52 | 1.13–2.04 | 1.44 | 1.05–1.98 | |
| P for trend | 0.122 | 0.444 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |||||
CI, confidence interval; HF, high frequency; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance; ISI, insulin sensitivity index; LF, low frequency; OR, odds ratio; SDNN, standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals; RMSSD, root mean square of successive difference.
Odds ratios and P values for tend were calculated after adjusting for sex and age in Model 1. In Model 2, they were adjusted further for body mass index, use of antihypertensive agents, diastolic blood pressure, physical activity, smoking and alcohol drinking.