Table 4. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios for IGT, IFG, or type 2 diabetes compared with NGT, grouped according to quartiles of the heart rate variability parameters.
| IGT or IFG (n = 538) vs NGT (n = 1237) | Type 2 diabetes (n = 124) vs NGT (n = 1237) | ||||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
| SDNN | Q1 (lowest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Q2 | 0.78 | 0.58–1.04 | 0.81 | 0.60–1.09 | 0.47 | 0.28–0.79 | 0.46 | 0.27–0.79 | |
| Q3 | 0.84 | 0.62–1.14 | 0.96 | 0.70–1.30 | 0.54 | 0.32–0.93 | 0.60 | 0.35–1.04 | |
| Q4 (highest) | 0.59 | 0.43–0.80 | 0.66 | 0.48–0.90 | 0.46 | 0.27–0.79 | 0.47 | 0.27–0.81 | |
| P for trend | 0.001 | 0.012 | 0.003 | 0.004 | |||||
| RMSSD | Q1 (lowest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Q2 | 0.67 | 0.50–0.90 | 0.72 | 0.53–0.97 | 0.84 | 0.52–1.37 | 0.90 | 0.55–1.48 | |
| Q3 | 0.54 | 0.40–0.73 | 0.60 | 0.44–0.81 | 0.51 | 0.29–0.89 | 0.52 | 0.30–0.92 | |
| Q4 (highest) | 0.57 | 0.42–0.77 | 0.66 | 0.49–0.90 | 0.45 | 0.26–0.79 | 0.48 | 0.27–0.85 | |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.013 | |||||
| LF | Q1 (lowest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Q2 | 0.89 | 0.66–1.19 | 0.91 | 0.67–1.23 | 0.64 | 0.38–1.06 | 0.70 | 0.41–1.18 | |
| Q3 | 0.93 | 0.68–1.26 | 1.00 | 0.73–1.38 | 0.76 | 0.45–1.27 | 0.81 | 0.48–1.38 | |
| Q4 (highest) | 0.83 | 0.61–1.13 | 0.92 | 0.67–1.27 | 0.59 | 0.33–1.03 | 0.61 | 0.34–1.08 | |
| P for trend | 0.343 | 0.833 | 0.098 | 0.126 | |||||
| HF | Q1 (lowest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Q2 | 0.72 | 0.54–0.96 | 0.81 | 0.60–1.09 | 0.88 | 0.55–1.42 | 1.00 | 0.62–1.64 | |
| Q3 | 0.64 | 0.48–0.87 | 0.75 | 0.55–1.03 | 0.50 | 0.28–0.90 | 0.55 | 0.31–1.00 | |
| Q4 (highest) | 0.63 | 0.46–0.85 | 0.73 | 0.53–1.00 | 0.55 | 0.32–0.96 | 0.59 | 0.34–1.05 | |
| P for trend | 0.004 | 0.043 | 0.040 | 0.075 | |||||
| LF:HF | Q1 (lowest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Q2 | 0.81 | 0.59–1.11 | 0.80 | 0.58–1.11 | 1.21 | 0.73–2.01 | 1.14 | 0.68–1.91 | |
| Q3 | 1.17 | 0.86–1.57 | 1.17 | 0.86–1.60 | 0.61 | 0.33–1.12 | 0.60 | 0.32–1.12 | |
| Q4 (highest) | 1.47 | 1.10–1.98 | 1.40 | 1.03–1.90 | 1.31 | 0.78–2.20 | 1.23 | 0.72–2.09 | |
| P for trend | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.500 | 0.611 | |||||
CI, confidence interval; HF, high frequency; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; LF, low frequency; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; OR, odds ratio; SDNN, standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals; RMSSD, root mean square of successive difference.
Odds ratios and P values for tend were calculated after adjusting for sex and age in Model 1. In Model 2, they were adjusted further for body mass index, use of antihypertensive agents, diastolic blood pressure, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol drinking.