Table 1. Baseline demographic and health characteristics of 526 community-dwelling Japanese aged ≥65 years with and without cognitive decline.
| Variable | Incident event (ΔMMSE ≤−2) | ||
| Cognitive decline n = 85 (16.2%) |
No cognitive decline n = 441 (83.8%) |
P-value | |
| Female sex, % | 58.8 | 57.6 | 0.83 |
| Age, years | 74.1 (6.3) | 71.3 (5.4) | <0.01 |
| ≥13 years of education, % | 2.5 | 15.2 | <0.01 |
| Living alone, % | 21.2 | 22.7 | 0.75 |
| Going outdoors more than once a day, % | 85.9 | 94.1 | <0.01 |
| Chronic disease, % | |||
| Hypertension | 37.6 | 36.0 | 0.77 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 21.2 | 21.6 | 0.93 |
| Cerebral vascular disease (stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage) |
4.7 | 3.9 | 0.72 |
| Heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, others) |
12.9 | 11.1 | 0.63 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7.1 | 10.9 | 0.28 |
| Use of antihypertensive medication, % | 34.1 | 33.3 | 0.89 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.3 (2.9) | 23.3 (3.3) | 0.99 |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | |||
| Systolic | 133 (20) | 128 (18) | 0.08 |
| Diastolic | 77 (11) | 75 (11) | 0.22 |
| Pulse pressure | 56 (15) | 53 (13) | 0.09 |
| PWV, cm/s | 1928 (379) | 1754 (353) | <0.01 |
| ABI | 1.15 (0.06) | 1.15 (0.06) | 0.78 |
| Grip strength, kg | 25.0 (8.8) | 26.1 (8.3) | 0.24 |
| Usual walking speed, m/sec | 1.32 (0.25) | 1.40 (0.21) | <0.01 |
| Maximum walking speed, m/sec | 1.86 (0.35) | 1.98 (0.31) | <0.01 |
| White blood cell count, /µL | 5701 (1402) | 5422 (1534) | <0.05 |
| Red blood cell count, 104/µL | 444 (46) | 443 (39) | 0.67 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.8 (1.5) | 13.8 (1.2) | 0.82 |
| Hematocrit, % | 41.9 (4.3) | 41.6 (3.5) | 0.76 |
| Mean corpuscular volume, fL | 94.5 (5.4) | 94.0 (4.8) | 0.79 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.4 (0.6) | 5.4 (0.7) | 0.80 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 205 (34) | 207 (34) | 0.81 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 57.0 (12.3) | 59.2 (15.4) | 0.29 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 151 (79) | 152 (79) | 0.71 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.78 (0.16) | 0.79 (0.19) | 0.88 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.2 (0.3) | 4.2 (0.3) | 0.78 |
| TMIG-IC full score, % | 47.1 | 56.2 | 0.12 |
| GDS Short-version ≥6 points, % | 17.6 | 12.5 | 0.20 |
| MMSE ≥26 points, % | 94.1 | 85.9 | <0.05 |
| APOE genotype, % | 0.87 | ||
| ε2ε2 | 0 | 0.2 | |
| ε2ε3 | 4.7 | 7.3 | |
| ε2ε4 | 0 | 0.9 | |
| ε3ε3 | 77.6 | 73.7 | |
| ε3ε4 | 17.6 | 16.9 | |
| ε4ε4 | 0 | 0.9 | |
| Duration of follow-up, years | 3.8 (0.8) | 3.4 (1.9) | <0.01 |
ABI, ankle-brachial pressure index; APOE, apolipoprotein E; BMI, body mass index; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; PWV, pulse wave velocity; TMIG-IC, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence.
Values are reported as percentage or mean (standard deviation).