Table 2. Independent associations of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity at baseline with subsequent cognitive decline in community-dwelling Japanese aged ≥65 years.

Independent variable	Model 1 (n = 524)	Model 2 (n = 524)	Model 3 (n = 487)	Model 4 (n = 483)
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
PWV tertile
lowest (reference)	1	1	1	1
middle	2.61 (1.32–5.18)**	2.44 (1.21–4.90)*	2.35 (1.12–4.95)*	2.39 (1.11–5.15)*
highest	3.88 (1.99–7.54)**	2.90 (1.44–5.86)**	2.76 (1.30–5.84)**	2.95 (1.29–6.74)**
Female sex		1.15 (0.74–1.88)	0.92 (0.54–1.57)	0.99 (0.57–1.73)
Age, per year		1.06 (1.02–1.11)*	1.04 (0.99–1.09)	1.05 (0.99–1.10)
Duration of follow-up, per year		1.51 (1.14–2.01)*	1.45 (1.05–2.00)*	1.55 (1.11–2.16)**
≥13 years of education			0.19 (0.04–0.82)*	0.20 (0.04–0.87)*
Going outdoors more than once a day			0.47 (0.21–1.05)	0.48 (0.22–1.09)
Usual walking speed, per tertile increase			0.81 (0.57–1.14)	0.81 (0.57–1.15)
White blood cell count, per tertile increase			1.23 (0.89–1.71)	1.17 (0.84–1.64)
MMSE ≥26 points			2.82 (1.03–7.69)*	2.78 (1.01–7.68)*
Use of antihypertensive medication				0.77 (0.43–1.38)
Systolic blood pressure, per tertile increase				1.06 (0.75–1.52)
HDL cholesterol, per tertile increase				0.82 (0.59–1.15)
Albumin, per tertile increase				1.00 (0.78–1.33)
APOE genotype, ε4				0.85 (0.42–1.72)

APOE, apolipoprotein E; CI, confidence interval; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; OR, odds ratio; PWV, pulse wave velocity; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

Tertiles were defined as follows: usual walking speed (m/s): ≤1.29, 1.29–1.47, ≥1.47; white blood cell count (/µL): ≤4700, 4700–5800, ≥5800; systolic blood pressure (mm Hg): ≤121, 121–137, ≥137; HDL cholesterol (mg/dL): ≤51, 51–63, ≥63; albumin (g/dL): ≤4, 4–4.3, ≥4.3.