Table 2. Sex-specific and multivariable-adjusted odds ratios of eating habits according to caregivers.
| Caregiver for 3-year-old children | Boys | Girls | ||||||
| Number of subjects |
Number of cases |
Crude OR | Multivariable- adjusted ORa |
Number of subjects |
Number of cases |
Crude OR | Multivariable- adjusted ORa |
|
| At age 3 | ||||||||
| Between-meal eating ≥3 times or more per day | ||||||||
| Mothers | 1666 | 218 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1535 | 204 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Grandparents | 229 | 72 | 3.0 (2.2–4.2)*** | 2.9 (2.1–4.1)*** | 216 | 62 | 2.6 (1.9–3.7)*** | 2.5 (1.8–3.5)*** |
| Nursery school or kindergarten staff | 310 | 55 | 1.4 (1.0–2.0)* | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 276 | 58 | 1.7 (1.3–2.4)*** | 1.8 (1.3–2.5)*** |
| Between-meal eating before bedtime every day | ||||||||
| Mothers | 1660 | 186 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1512 | 197 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Grandparents | 226 | 34 | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 212 | 26 | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
| Nursery school or kindergarten staff | 300 | 43 | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 274 | 50 | 1.5 (1.1–2.1)* | 1.6 (1.1–2.3)** |
| At age 6 | ||||||||
| Between-meal eating before dinner | ||||||||
| Mothers | 792 | 359 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 712 | 302 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Grandparents | 123 | 79 | 2.2 (1.5–3.2)*** | 2.1 (1.4–3.1)*** | 115 | 74 | 2.5 (1.6–3.7)*** | 2.5 (1.7–3.8)*** |
| Nursery school or kindergarten staff | 121 | 69 | 1.6 (1.1–2.4)* | 1.6 (1.1–2.4)* | 109 | 59 | 1.6 (1.1–2.4)* | 1.6 (1.0–2.4)* |
| Between-meal eating ≥3 times or more per day | ||||||||
| Mothers | 803 | 17 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 715 | 20 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Grandparents | 125 | 8 | 3.2 (1.3–7.5)** | 3.1 (1.3–7.7)* | 116 | 7 | 2.2 (0.9–5.4) | 2.7 (1.1–6.7)* |
| Nursery school or kindergarten staff | 123 | 5 | 2.0 (0.7–5.4) | 1.9 (0.7–5.4) | 111 | 6 | 2.0 (0.8–5.1) | 2.3 (0.9–6.3) |
| Between-meal eating before bedtime ≥3 times or more per week | ||||||||
| Mothers | 802 | 76 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 714 | 69 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Grandparents | 125 | 17 | 1.5 (0.9–2.6) | 1.5 (0.8–2.7) | 115 | 14 | 1.3 (0.7–2.4) | 1.4 (0.7–2.5) |
| Nursery school or kindergarten staff | 123 | 12 | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 110 | 14 | 1.4 (0.7–2.5) | 1.6 (0.8–3.0) |
| At age 12 | ||||||||
| Between-meal eating before dinner | ||||||||
| Mothers | 880 | 483 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 732 | 376 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Grandparents | 165 | 103 | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 136 | 92 | 2.0 (1.3–2.9)*** | 1.9 (1.3–2.8)** |
| Nursery school or kindergarten staff | 154 | 88 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 128 | 81 | 1.6 (1.1–2.4)* | 1.7 (1.1–2.5)* |
| Between meal eating ≥5 times or more per week | ||||||||
| Mothers | 886 | 367 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 735 | 348 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Grandparents | 166 | 68 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 138 | 61 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
| Nursery school or kindergarten staff | 159 | 71 | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 130 | 54 | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
| Between meal eating before bedtime ≥3 times or more per week | ||||||||
| Mothers | 884 | 83 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 736 | 54 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Grandparents | 163 | 24 | 1.7 (1.0–2.7)* | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | 136 | 11 | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) |
| Nursery school or kindergarten staff | 159 | 11 | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 129 | 11 | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) |
| At age 22 | ||||||||
| Between-meal eating before dinner | ||||||||
| Mothers | 529 | 315 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 503 | 364 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Grandparents | 104 | 61 | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 93 | 70 | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) |
| Nursery school or kindergarten staff | 100 | 64 | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | 84 | 58 | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) |
| Between-meal eating ≥5 times or more per week | ||||||||
| Mothers | 542 | 141 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 516 | 203 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Grandparents | 107 | 23 | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 96 | 32 | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) |
| Nursery school or kindergarten staff | 102 | 25 | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 87 | 35 | 1.0 (0.7–1.7) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) |
| Between-meal eating before bedtime ≥3 times or more per week | ||||||||
| Mothers | 542 | 109 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 516 | 50 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Grandparents | 108 | 21 | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 96 | 11 | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 1.3 (0.6–2.6) |
| Nursery school or kindergarten staff | 102 | 13 | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 87 | 10 | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) |
OR, odds ratio.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, compared with mothers as caregivers.
aMultivariable models adjusted for types of feeding, wake-up time, time to bed, physically active, playing outside, living with brothers or sisters, picky eating, and father’s employment at age 3.