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. 2015 Sep 5;25(9):600–607. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20140078

Table 3. Sex-specific and multivariable-adjusted odds ratios of overweight subjects according to caregivers.

Caregiver for
3-year-old children		 Boys Girls
Number of
subjects		 Number of
cases		 Crude OR Multivariable-
adjusted ORa 		Multivariable-
adjusted ORb 		Number of
subjects		 Number of
cases		 Crude OR Multivariable-
adjusted ORa 		Multivariable-
adjusted ORb
At age 3
Overweight
 Mothers 1647 105 1.0 1.0 1.0 1494 146 1.0 1.0 1.0
 Grandparents 225 31 2.3 (1.5–3.6)*** 2.2 (1.4–3.4)*** 2.1 (1.4–3.3)*** 207 31 1.6 (1.1–2.5)* 1.6 (1.1–2.5)* 1.6 (1.0–2.5)*
 Nursery school or kindergarten staff 301 33 1.8 (1.2–2.7)** 1.8 (1.2–2.7)** 1.8 (1.2–2.7)** 264 29 1.1 (0.7–1.7) 1.2 (0.8–1.8) 1.2 (0.7–1.8)
At age 6
Overweight
 Mothers 588 68 1.0 1.0 1.0 507 75 1.0 1.0 1.0
 Grandparents 90 20 2.2 (1.3–3.8)** 2.4 (1.4–4.3)** 2.4 (1.3–4.3)** 86 18 1.5 (0.9–2.7) 1.5 (0.8–2.7) 1.4 (0.8–2.6)
 Nursery school or kindergarten staff 97 16 1.5 (0.8–2.7) 1.7 (0.9–3.0) 1.6 (0.9–3.0) 81 17 1.5 (0.9–2.8) 1.6 (0.9–3.0) 1.6 (0.9–3.0)
At age 12
Overweight
 Mothers 856 140 1.0 1.0 1.0 712 100 1.0 1.0 1.0
 Grandparents 162 45 2.0 (1.3–2.9)*** 1.9 (1.3–2.8)** 1.9 (1.3–2.8)** 129 17 0.9 (0.5–1.6) 0.9 (0.5–1.6) 1.0 (0.6–1.7)
 Nursery school or kindergarten staff 149 29 1.2 (0.8–1.9) 1.2 (0.8–1.9) 1.1 (0.7–1.8) 127 22 1.3 (0.8–2.1) 1.3 (0.8–2.2) 1.3 (0.8–2.3)
At age 22
Overweight
 Mothers 544 61 1.0 1.0 1.0 511 36 1.0 1.0 1.0
 Grandparents 108 20 1.8 (1.0–3.1)* 2.0 (1.1–3.6)* 2.0 (1.1–3.6)* 95 3 0.4 (0.1–1.4) 0.4 (0.1–1.3) 0.4 (0.1–1.4)
 Nursery school or kindergarten staff 102 14 1.3 (0.7–2.4) 1.3 (0.7–2.5) 1.3 (0.7–2.5) 85 7 1.2 (0.5–2.8) 1.1 (0.4–2.5) 1.1 (0.5–2.5)

OR, odds ratio.

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, compared with mothers as caregivers.

aMultivariable models adjusted for types of feeding, wake-up time, time to bed, physically active, playing outside, living with brothers or sisters, picky eating, and father’s employment at age 3.

bMultivariate models adjusted further for between-meal eating; ‘between-meal eating ≥3 times per day’ for the analysis at age 3, and ‘between-meal eating before dinner’ for the analyses at ages 6, 12, and 22.