Figure 1.

Adapted with permission from Dalla Barba and La Corte (2013). A schematic cognitive and neuroanatomical model of normal and pathological functioning of memory and Temporal Consciousness (TC). (A) Normal functioning of memory and TC: the hippocampus, which is the neural correlate of TC, temporalizes information received directly from the TPC, or indirectly from the OFC and the TH, through the cingulate gyrus, allowing individuals to remember their personal past, to be oriented in their present and to predict their personal future. (B) Amnesia: complete, bilateral lesions to the hippocampus abolish TC, preventing individuals from accessing their personal temporality (i.e., their past, present, and future). (C) Implausible or semantically anomalous confabulation: lesions to the TPC provide the hippocampus with distorted semantic information, inducing the hippocampus and TC to make semantically anomalous confabulatory errors concerning the individual’s personal temporality. (D) Plausible, or semantically appropriate confabulation: lesions to the TH and the OFC provide the hippocampus with plausible but erroneous information, inducing the hippocampus and TC to make plausible confabulatory errors concerning the individuals’ personal temporality. Abbreviations: TPC, temporo-parietal cortex; PHG, parahippocampal gyrus; PRC, perirhinal cortex; EC, entorhinal cortex; Hip, hippocampus; TH, thalamus; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; TC: temporal consciousness.