Table 1.
Therapeutic efficacy and related toxicities of drugs developed for cancer treatment.
| Therapeutic strategy | Target | Clinical benefit | Toxicity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IMMUNOTHERAPY | ||||
| Ipilimumab | Anti-CTLA-4 | Increased OS from 6.4 to 10 months | 15% had grade 3 or 4 AE | (55) |
| Pembrolizumab | Anti-PD-1 | Response rate of 38% | Grade 1 or 2 AE | (56) |
| Ipilimumab + Nivolumab | Anti-CTLA-4 plus Anti-PD-1 | Objective response 53% | 50% had grade 3 or 4 AE | (57) |
| BMS-93655 | Anti-PD-L1 | Objective response 6%–17% | 9% had grade 3 or 4 AE | (58) |
| MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES | ||||
| Trastuzumab | Anti-HER2/neu | Increased OS from 20.3 to 25.1 months | 27% had cardiac toxicity | (59) |
| Bevacizumab | Anti-VEGF | Increased OS from 15.6 to 20.3 months | Grade 3 hypertension | (60) |
| Rituximab | Anti-CD20 | Clinical remission in 46% of patients | Grade 1 or 2 AE | (61) |
| VACCINES | ||||
| Provenge | PAP plus GM-CSF | Increased OS from 21.7 to 25.8 months | Grade 1 or 2 AE | (62) |
| Gardasil | HPV type 6, 11, 16, and 18 | Efficacy was 98% | Grade 1 or 2 AE | (63) |
| Pemetrexed | MAGE-A3 + TLR4 + TLR9 | No difference in OS | 9% had grade 3 or 4 AE | (64) |
| Synthetic long-peptide | HPV-16 E6 plus HPV-16 E7 | Response rate of 79% | Grade 1 or 2 AE | (65) |
| ADOPTIVE CELL TRANSFER | ||||
| T-cells | MART-1 or gp100 | Response rate of 46% | Autoimmune events | (66) |
| Naïve T-cells | LY6K-177 peptides | Response rate of 22% | Grade 1 or 2 AE | (67) |
| Memory T-cells | MCF-7 cell lysate antigen | Increased OS to 33.8 months | No toxicity noted | (68) |
| CAR therapy | Modified CD19 | Response rate of 90% | Cytokine release syndrome | (69) |
| CAR therapy | GD2 antigen | Median OS 931 days | 15% had grade 1 or 3 AE | (70) |
AE, adverse event; HPV, human papillomavirus; OS, overall survival; PAP, prostatic acid phosphatase.