Table 3. Meta-analysis results.

Outcome	Studies	Groups (HS/ACDF)	Overall effect		p-Value	Heterogeneity
			Effect estimate	95% CI		I2(%)	p-Value
Operation time	5	74/86	2.21	−11.25, 15.67	0.75	88	<0.00001
Blood loss	4	67/79	−27.80	−47.08, −8.52	0.005	55	0.09
Complications	5	74/86	−0.01	−0.09, 0.06	0.73	0	0.77
VAS
Preoperative	2	32/32	−0.10	−0.85, 0.65	0.79	0	1.00
Postoperative 24 months	2	32/32	−1.00	−2.46, 0.47	0.18	75	0.05
C2–C7 ROM
Preoperative	4	67/79	0.51	−3.73, 4.74	0.81	0	0.99
Postoperative 24 months	2	32/32	9.50	1.44, 15.40	0.002	0	0.92
Superior adjacent level ROM
Preoperative	4	67/79	−0.46	−2.15, 1.23	0.60	0	0.58
Postoperative 24 months	2	32/32	−5.24	−7.57, −2.92	<0.00001	54	0.14
Inferior adjacent level ROM
Preoperative	4	67/79	−0.45	−1.78, 0.87	0.50	0	0.41
Postoperative 24 months	2	32/32	−4.62	−7.28, −1.96	0.0007	0	0.59

HS: hybrid surgery, ACDF: anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, ROM: range of motion, CI: confidence interval.