Table 1.
Examples of factors involved in the interplay between bacteria and autophagy, according to Huang & Brumell [155] and Asrat et al. [156].
| Bacterium | Bacterial factors | Host factors | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibiting autophagy initiation signaling | |||
| Bacillus anthracis | Edema factor toxin | cAMP | [145] |
| Vibrio cholerae | Cholera toxin | cAMP | [145] |
| Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium | Unknown | mTOR, RAG GTPases | [146] |
| Directly interfering with the activity of autophagy components | |||
| Shigella flexneri | VirA | RAB1 | [147] |
| Evading autophagy recognition by masking the bacterial surface | |||
| Shigella flexneri | IcsB | Atg5 and septins | [59] |
| Listeria monocytogenes | ActA and lnlK | MVP and host factors that bind ActA | [157,158] |
| Evading autophagy by escaping from the vacuole | |||
| Listeria monocytogenes | LLO (cholesterol-dependent cytolysin) | Membrane pore formation | [149] |
| Listeria monocytogenes | PI-PLC (phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase) | Facilitate vacuole disruption for escape | [31,150] |
| Shigella flexneri | IpaB (membrane pore formation) | Host cell invasion, membrane disruption and escape from the SCV | [31,151] |
| Escaping autophagy by unclear mechanisms | |||
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | T3SS3 effector BopA and translocator BipD, T3SS1 ATPase encodded by bpscN | Unknown | [62,152] |
| Francisella tularensis | DipA | Unknown | [153,154] |