Table 2.
Classification of genes associated with cleft palate in mice
| Genes | |
| Signaling pathway | |
| TGF-beta signaling pathway | Acvr1/Alk2, Acvr2a, Bmp41, Bmp7, Bmpr1a/Alk3, Cdc42, Chrd, Crebbp/Cbp, Cited2, Foxc2/Mfh11, Foxd3, Foxe1/Titf2/Fkhl151, Foxf2, Fst, Inhba, Gdf11/Bmp11, Map3k7/Tak1, Pitx2, Smad4, Smad7, Tgfb21, Tgfb31, Tgfbr1/Alk51, Tgfbr21 |
| Hedgehog signaling pathway | Bmp41, Bmp7, Crebbp/Cbp, Gli21, Gli31, Gsk3b, Ptch1/Ptc11, Shh1, Smo/Smoh, Wnt5a1, Wnt9b |
| Wnt signaling pathway | Acvr1/Alk2, Ctnnb1, Crebbp/Cbp, Edn11, Fzd2, Gsk3b, Lrp6, Map3k7/Tak1, Prickle1, Smad4, Smo/Smoh, Wnt5a1, Wnt9b |
| FGF signaling pathway | Fgf10, Fgf18, Fgf9, Fgfr11, Fgfr21, Grb2, Spry1, Spry2 |
| MAPK signaling pathway | Cdc42, Chuk/Ikk1/Tcf16, Egfr, Fgf10, Fgf18, Fgf9, Fgfr11, Fgfr21, Grb2, Map3k7/Tak1, Pdgfra1, Tgfb21, Tgfb31, Tgfbr1/Alk51, Tgfbr21, Crk, Itgb1 |
| Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction | Acvr1/Alk2, Acvr2a, Bmp7, Bmpr1a/Alk3, Egfr, Inhba, Pdgfra1, Pdgfc1, Tgfb21, Tgfb31, Tgfbr1/Alk51, Tgfbr21, Vegfa |
| CBL mediated ligand- induced downregulation of EGF receptors | Egfr, Grb2, Pdgfra1 |
| Sprouty regulation of tyrosine kinase signals | Egfr, Grb2, Spry2, Spry1 |
| NFkB activation | Crebbp/Cbp, Chuk/Ikk1/Tcf16, Map3k7/Tak1, Smad4, Tgfbr1/Alk51, Tgfbr21 |
| Adherens junction | Crebbp/Cbp, Ctnnb1, Cdc42, Egfr, Fgfr11, Map3k7/ Tak1, Smad4, Snai2, Tgfbr1/Alk51, Tgfbr21 |
| Focal adhesion | Ctnnb1, Cdc42, Col2a11, Crk, Egfr, Gsk3b, Grb2, Itga5, Itgb1, Itgb8, Ilk, Pdgfra1, Pdgfc1, Vegfa |
| Steroid biosynthesis | Cyp51, Dhcr71, Sc5d/Sc5dl |
| Cell cycle | Crebbp/Cbp, Cdkn1c/p57kip21, Gsk3b, Smad4, Tgfb21, Tgfb31 |
| Regulation of actin cytoskeleton | Cdc42, Crk, Egfr, Fgf9, Fgf10, Fgf18, Fgfr11, Fgfr21, Itga5, Itgb1, Itgb8, Pdgfra1, Pdgfc1 |
| Axon guidance | Cdc42, Efna5, Efnb11, Efnb2, Gsk3b, Itgb1 |
| Endocytosis | Cdc42, Egfr, Fgfr21, Pdgfra1, Tgfbr1/Alk51, Tgfbr21 |
| Angiogenesis | Ctnnb1, Crk, Efnb11, Efnb2, Fgfr11, Fgfr21, Fzd2, Gsk3b, Grb2, Jag1, Jag2, Pdgfra1, Pdgfc1, Vegfa, Wnt5a1 |
| Family | |
| Homeobox protein | Alx11, Barx1, Alx31, Alx41, Dlx1, Dlx2, Dlx51, Gbx2, Gsc, Hoxa21, Msx11, Msx21, Pax9, Prrx11, Pitx11, Pitx2, Rax, Shox2, Vax11 |
| Tgf-beta receptor type I and II | Acvr1/Alk2, Acvr2a, Bmpr1a, Tgfbr1/Alk51, Tgfbr21 |
| Tgf-beta family | Bmp41, Bmp7, Gdf11, Inhba, Tgfb21, Tgfb31 |
| Tyrosine protein kinase | Egfr, Fgfr11, Fgfr21, Pdgfra1, Ror21, Ryk |
| Ephrin | Efna5, Efnb11, Efnb2 |
| Zinc finger protein | Gli21, Gli31, Zic31, Hic1, Snai2 |
| Forkhead protein | Foxc21, Foxd3, Foxe11, Foxf2 |
| T-box protein | Tbx11, Tbx2, Tbx221 |
| Sox transcription factor | Sox5, Sox91, Sox11 |
| Heparin-binding growth factor family member/FGF | Fgf9, Fgf10, Fgf18 |
| Sprouty | Spry1, Spry2 |
| Smad | Smad4, Smad7 |
| Integrin beta subunit | Itgb1, Itgb8 |
| Frizzled | Fzd2, Smo |
| Wnt related | Wnt5a1, Wnt9b |
| Serine-threonine protein kinase | Ilk, Mpa3k7/Tak1 |
| LIM domain containing protein | Lhx81, Lhx7, Prickle1 |
| EGF-like domain protein | Jag1, Jag2 |
1
Genes involved in human cleft lip and/or palate. TGF: Transforming growth factor; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; CBL: Casitas B-lineage lymphoma; EGF: Epidermal growth factor.