Table 1. A summary of the different loading systems, mechanical stimulus and specific parameters with references.
| System | Mechanical stimulus | Parameters | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vibration | Low-magnitude, high-frequency vibration | 30–100 Hz, 0.3 g | 16,17 |
| Fluid flow: see-saw rocking platform | Oscillatory fluid flow-induced shear | 0.001–0.25 Pa | 28,29 |
| Fluid flow: parallel-plate flow chamber | Steady, pulsing, oscillatory fluid flow-induced shear | 0.1–3 Pa | 30,31 |
| Substrate strain: FlexCell | Non-uniform substrate strain deformation | 0.5–1 Hz, 3–12% uniaxial strain (up to 120 000 μɛ) | 37,38,39,40,41,42 |
| Substrate strain: four-point bending | Uniform substrate strain deformation | 1 Hz square wave, 3400 μɛ | 6,12,43,86,87 |
| 3D vibration | Low-magnitude, high-frequency vibration | 30–40 Hz, 0.3 g | 55,56 |
| 3D fluid flow: perfusion | Steady, pulsing, oscillatory fluid flow-induced shear | 1–120 ml min−1 | 57,58,59,60,61,62 |
| 3D compression | Cyclic compression | 1 Hz, 5–10% compression | 64,65 |
| 3D tensile strain | Tensile strain/cyclic tensile strain | 1 Hz, 5–10% strain magnitude | 67,68 |
| 3D cocultures | Cyclic compression | 10 Hz, 2.5 N | 26,70,76,77 |
Abbreviation: 3D, three dimensional.