Table 2.
Neuropsychological tasks administered to participants in the current study
| Task | Reference | Variable | Cognitive factora |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stroop Color and Word Test (Stroop) | Stroop, 1935 | Color naming total score | Speed and inhibition |
| Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) | Benton et al., 1983 | Total number of correct words across three trials | Verbal working memory |
| Trail Making Test, Part A (TMTA) | Reitan, 1958 | Number of seconds to complete Trails A | Attention and information integration |
| Trail Making Test, Part B (TMTB) | Reitan, 1958 | Number of seconds to complete Trails B | Attention and information integration |
| Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) | Smith, 1991 | Total number of correct responses in 90 seconds | Attention and information integration |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)-III: Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS) |
Wechsler, 1997 | Total number of correct trials | Verbal working memory |
| Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT) | Brandt & Benedict, 2001 | Total number of words learned over the learning trials |
Verbal learning and memory |
| Benton Facial Recognition Test | Benton et al., 1983 | Total number of correct responses | Not included |
| Emotion Recognition Task | Johnson et al., 2007 | Total number of correctly identified negative emotions |
Sensory and perceptual processing |
| Towers 4 | Similar to Saint-Cyr et al., 1988; Papp et al., 2013 | Difference in mean number of moves from the first to fourth trial |
Not included |
| Cued Movement Sequencing: Buttons | Based on Georgiou et al., 1995 | Mean movement standard deviation (within-task IIV) |
Motor planning and speed |
| Two-Choice Reaction Time: Chooser | See Stout et al., 2011 | Mean movement time | Motor planning and speed |
| Speeded Tapping | Hinton et al., 2007; Paulsen et al., 2004 | The standard deviation of inter-tap intervals for the nondominant hand (within-task IIV) |
Motor planning and speed |
| Paced Timing | Hinton et al., 2007; Paulsen et al., 2004 | Reciprocal of the standard deviation (within-task IIV) |
Motor planning, speed and sensory and perceptual processing |
| Serial Reaction Time Task | Willingham et al., 1989 | Difference in response times for random sequence (fifth block) compared to the fourth presentation of the set sequence |
Not included |
a
Based on Harrington et al.'s 2012 factor analysis.