Adequate 3D visualization of an RF lesion in a patient with an AF recurrence. (A) PA (postero-anterior) view. The red arrow indicates a gap near the RSPV. (B) Inferior view. The red arrow indicates a gap at the bottom of the RIPV. (C) AF ablation using the NavX system in the first session. A, B, C are all images from patient 1. Complete PVI was accomplished without any RF applications to the LA posterior wall near the LPV. No DEs are visible in the same region in A. AF recurred 3 months following ablation in the patient; inadequate lesion formation at the RPV may have caused the AF recurrence. (D) Cranial view. The red arrow indicates a gap near the roof of the LSPV. (E) AF ablation using the NavX system in the second session. D and E are images from patient 2. The sharp potential was recorded at the gap of DEs. PV was re-isolated using a single RF application at this site. RSPV=right superior pulmonary vein, RIPV=right inferior pulmonary vein, LSPV=left superior pulmonary vein, PVI=pulmonary vein isolation, LPV=left pulmonary vein, RPV=right pulmonary vein.