Table 2.

Summary of the main results

	Alone		Pair		Pack
	Wolves	Dogs	Wolves	Dogs	Wolves	Dogs
Approach latency
Age	Older=decrease ↓		NS		Older=decrease ↓
Rank	Higher=decrease ↓		NS		NS
Siblings or not	NA		Yes=increase ↑		NA
Contact latency
Age	NS		NS		NS
Rank	NS		NS		NS
Siblings or not	NA		NS		NA
Investigation
Age	NS		NS		NS
			Smaller
		Higher=	rank
Rank	NS	increase	distance	NS	NS
		↑	=increase
			↑
Siblings or not	NA		Yes=increase ↑		NA
Manipulation
Age	NS		NS		NS
Rank	NS		NS		NS
Siblings or not	NA		NS		NA
Flee
			Older=		Older=
Age	NS		increase	NS	increase	NS
			↑		↑
Rank	NS		NS		NS
Siblings or not	NA		NS		NA

NA = not available.