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. 2015 Sep;107:159–173. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.06.008

Table A21.

Factors influencing the manipulation time in the pack condition tests

Model terms Estimate SE t df F P Variance SD
Species 1,23 0.29 0.60
 Dogs vs Wolves −1.431 2.673 −0.535
Species*Rank 1,20 0.04 0.85
Rank −1.274 0.981 −1.298 1,19 1.69 0.20
Species*Age 1,20 0.45 0.51
Age −0.309 0.197 −1.568
Subject (random) 9.555 3.091
Pack:Subject (random) 9.555 3.091
Object (random) 0.000 0.000
Test order (random) 13.818 3.717
Residuals (random) 17.766 4.215

LME statistic: model transformation to fit normal distribution of residuals: sqrt(x); Shapiro–Wilk test: W = 0.99, P = 0.99.