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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 26.
Published in final edited form as: Br J Sports Med. 2014 May 16;48(13):1032–1036. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093574

Table 3.

Least squares means for peak height velocity and age 17 bone outcomes (adjusted for height and weight) by MVPA trajectory group membership*

Girls (N=189)
 Pairwise comparisons (p Values)
Group 1
N=92		 Group 2
N=86		 Group 3
N=11		 Group 1
v 2		 Group 1
v 3		 Group 2
v 3
Age at PHV, years 11.8 11.8 12.0
DXA and hip structural analysis
 Whole body BMC, g 1756.8 1812.4 1956.9 0.0402 0.0004 0.0111
 Hip BMC, g 32.07 33.44 37.03 0.0347 0.0003 0.0084
 Hip BMD, g/cm2 0.994 1.036 1.082 0.0146 0.0156 0.2133
 Femoral Neck CSA, cm2 3.13 3.29 3.50 0.0117 0.0041 0.0962
 Femoral Neck Section Modulus, cm3 1.40 1.52 1.70 0.0009 <0.0001 0.0159
Bone strength (pQCT)
 Bone Stress Index (tibia 4% site), mg2/mm4 93.84 101.30 112.08 0.0110 0.0029 0.0782
 Polar moment of inertia (tibia 38% site), mm4 1445.8 1521.5 1714.9 0.0089 <.0001 0.0015
 Polar moment of inertia (tibia 66% site), mm4 2158.9 2251.0 2431.3 0.0260 0.0016 0.0364
Boys (N=160)
 Pairwise comparisons (p Values)
Group 1
N=68		 Group 2
N=60		 Group 3
N=32		 Group 1
v 2		 Group 1
v 3		 Group 2
v 3
Age at PHV, years 13.6 13.5 13.8
DXA and hip structural analysis
 Whole Body BMC, g 2310.1 2393.3 2485.5 0.1018 0.0048 0.1352
 Hip BMC, g 45.67 47.02 50.26 0.3063 0.0046 0.0448
 Hip BMD, g/cm2 1.105 1.130 1.198 0.3112 0.0015 0.0185
 Femoral Neck CSA, cm2 4.05 4.15 4.43 0.3588 0.0057 0.0433
 Femoral Neck Section Modulus, cm3 2.12 2.14 2.32 0.7451 0.0159 0.0319
Bone strength (pQCT)
 Bone Stress Index (tibia 4% site), mg2/mm4 126.44 136.31 142.58 0.0415 0.0061 0.2798
 Polar moment of inertia (tibia 38% site), mm4 1940.4 2088.1 2102.9 0.0046 0.0099 0.8132
 Polar moment of inertia (tibia 66% site), mm4 2940.9 3102.2 3078.7 0.0483 0.1601 0.8104

SAS GLM procedure was used for comparison: group 3—most active over time, group—consistently low activity.

p Values from pairwise comparisons not adjusted for multiple comparisons (p Value<=0.05/3 corresponds to Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons).

BMC, bone mineral content; BMD, bone mineral density; CSA, cross-sectional area; MVPA, moderate-and-vigorous intensity physical activity; PHV, peak height velocity; pQCT, peripheral quantitative CT.