Table 2. Variables associated with albuminuria a in univariate and multivariate analysis in an unselected group of HIV-infected patients.
| Variable | Univariate p-value | Multivariate aOR (95% CI) | Multivariate p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic factors | |||
| Age in years | 0.001* | 0.990 (0.970–1.012) | 0.37 |
| Gender Female | 0.61 | - | - |
| HIV status | |||
| Months since positive HIV test | 0.06 + | 0.997 (0.990–1.003) | 0.31 |
| Most recent CD4 cell count (cells/mm3) | 0.01 * | 0.999 (0.999–1.000) | 0.07 |
| HIV-1 VL copies/mL | - | - | - |
| On ART | 0.78 | - | - |
| NNRTI regimen (% of ART) | 0.71 | 1.075 (0.614–1.880) | 0.80 |
| PI-based regimen | 0.82 | - | - |
| Current Tenofovir Exposure | 0.34 | 0.831 (0.515–1.342) | 0.45 |
| Current Abacavir Exposure | 0.01 * | 1.674 (0.447–6.276) | 0.44 |
| Duration on ART in months (if started with ART previously) | 0.02* | y | - |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||
| BMI>30 kg/m2 | 0.11 | - | - |
| Large Waist Circumference b | 0.29 | - | - |
| Current smoker | 0.63 | - | - |
| Diabetes Mellitus c | <0.001* | 2.047 (0.965–4.343) | 0.06 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | <0.001* | 1.308 (1.111–1.539) | <0.001* |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.006* | Y | - |
| Hypertension d | <0.001* | 1.592 (1.050–2.415) | 0.03* |
| Family History | 0.57 | - | - |
| Previous CVE | 0.78 | - | - |
| Laboratory values | |||
| eGFR CKD-EPI (mL/min/1.73m2) | <0.001* | 0.978 (0.970–0.987) | <0.001* |
| ALT (U/L) | 0.09 + | 1.001 (0.995–1.007) | 0.72 |
Included subjects in multivariate analysis: 865. Number of subjects with albuminuria: 174.
*p-values are significant (p<0.05);
+ p-values between 0.05 and 0.10;
Y Excluded due to collinearity with another variable.
a Albuminuria: ACR>30 mg/g;
b Large waist circumference: >94 cm men or > 80 cm women;
c Diabetes mellitus: HbA1c > 6.5% or use of diabetes medication;
d Hypertension: Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive medication.
ACR = Albumine—Creatinine Ratio; ALT = alanine aminotransferase (mmol/l); aOR = adjusted odds ratio; ART = anti-retroviral treatment; BMI = Body Mass Index; 95% CI = 95% Confidence Interval; CKD-EPI = Chronic Kidney Disease—Epidemiology; CVE = cardiovascular event; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus; LDL = Low-density lipoprotein; MDRD = Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; NNRTI = Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors; PI-based = protease inhibitor-based; VL = viral load.