Table 3. SEM results: Direct effects for Cigarette Experimentation among middle and high school students, NYTS, 2012 a .
| Outcome Variable | Explanatory Variable | B b | 95% CI | Z | P | β c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internet | Static exposure d | 1.00 | — | — | — | 0.76 |
| Newspaper/ magazine | Static exposure | 1.06 | 1.03, 1.08 | 77.95 | < .001 | 0.80 |
| Retail store | Static exposure | 0.75 | 0.73, 0.78 | 57.67 | < .001 | 0.57 |
| Cigarettes | Perception of peer tobacco use e | 1.00 | — | — | — | 0.87 |
| Noncigarette | Perception of peer tobacco use | 1.03 | 0.97, 1.06 | 45.39 | < .001 | 0.87 |
| Perception of peer tobacco use | Static exposure | 0.79 | 0.28, 1.29 | 3.07 | .002 | 0.22 |
| Perception of peer tobacco use | TV/movie exposure f | 0.07 | -0.20, 0.33 | 0.49 | .623 | 0.03 |
| Perception of peer tobacco use | Household member tobacco use g | 0.50 | 0.41, 0.59 | 10.86 | < .001 | 0.15 |
| Perception of peer tobacco use | Sex | -0.50 | -0.60,-.40 | -9.89 | < .001 | -0.09 |
| Perception of peer tobacco use | Grade | 0.46 | 0.31, 0.61 | 5.99 | < .001 | 0.34 |
| Perception of peer tobacco use | Black | 2.07 | -9.43, 13.57 | 0.35 | .727 | 0.26 |
| Perception of peer tobacco use | Hispanic | 1.15 | -19.54, 21.84 | 0.11 | .913 | 0.18 |
| Perception of peer tobacco use | Other | -0.52 | -38.27, 37.22 | -0.03 | .978 | -0.06 |
| Experimentation h | Static exposure | 0.10 | -0.03, 0.23 | 1.50 | .135 | 0.08 |
| Experimentation | Perception of peer tobacco use | 0.08 | -0.01, 0.17 | 1.68 | .096 | 0.22 |
| Experimentation | TV/movie exposure | 0.02 | -0.04, 0.08 | 0.59 | .554 | 0.02 |
| Experimentation | Household member tobacco use | 0.26 | 0.14, 0.38 | 4.37 | < .001 | 0.21 |
| Experimentation | Sex | 0.12 | 0.06, 0.19 | 3.78 | < .001 | 0.06 |
| Experimentation | Grade | 0.14 | 0.08, 0.20 | 4.47 | < .001 | 0.27 |
| Experimentation | Black | -0.12 | -3.87, 3.62 | -0.06 | .950 | -0.04 |
| Experimentation | Hispanic | 0.67 | -3.81, 5.14 | 0.29 | .769 | 0.27 |
| Experimentation | Other | 0.83 | -6.75, 8.40 | 0.21 | .830 | 0.25 |
SEM, Structural Equation Model
NYTS, National Youth Tobacco Survey
a Multivariate N = 24,654 based on all available cases across all variables used in analyses.
b B = unstandardized regression coefficient, which represents the amount of change in the dependent variable per one-unit change in the independent variable.
c β = standardized regression coefficient, which represents the SD change in the dependent variable per SD change in the independent variable.
d Static exposure was defined as exposure to static tobacco advertisements on the Internet, in newspaper and magazines or retail stores.
e Perception of peer tobacco use measured by student response to the questions (1) “Out of every 10 students in your grade at school, how many do you think smoke cigarettes?” and (2) “Out of every 10 students in your grade at school, how many do you think use tobacco products other than cigarettes?”
f TV and movie exposure was defined as exposure to tobacco use in TV and movies.
g Household member tobacco use was defined as number of tobacco products used by a family member or those living with the respondent.
h Experimentation was defined as having puffed on a cigarette at least once but not having smoked a total of 100 lifetime cigarettes.