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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Virol. 2015 Apr 13;13:33–39. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.03.009

Figure 2. Rationale for the combination of oncolytic adenoviruses with immune checkpoint modulators.

Figure 2

Future personalized medicine in the field of oncolytic virotherapy might depend on the degree of tumor immunogenicity, the status of the host immune response with respect to tumor cells, and the levels of expression of immune checkpoints and other positive and negative regulators of anergy. Combination therapy might be required particularly for patients with weak Th1 primed lymphocytes, and high levels of expression of immune checkpoints in the tumor infiltrative T cells, and with a low degree of immunogenicity. Further preclinical studies would be necessary to buttress these algorithms.