Table 3.
Common genes/genetic markers associated with INTMF and IM fat in humans and animals
| Genes/genetic markers | Humans | Animals | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adipogenic and lipogenic related | Increased Stearoyl-CoA desaturase SCD1 - SNPs in the 3¢UTR (G > A; C > T) | Increased SCD1 - SNPs in the 3¢UTR (G > A; C > T)—in cattle and pig | 141 |
| Increased SCD1- LM tissues of Wagyu × Hereford cattle | 142 | ||
| PPARγ and coactivator 1α (PGC1α) regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDK4) | PPARγ, C/EBPα, FABP4, Zfp423—Angus cattle | 97,143 | |
| PPARγ and MAPK signaling—higher expression with IM deposition in Beijing-you chicken | 144 | ||
| FLJ20920 through its interaction with PPARγ | Novel porcine FLJ36031 (pFLJ) | 145,146 | |
| Perilipin 2 (PLIN2) facilitates intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) storage | Lipin 1 and Lipin-β - IM deposition in obese pigs | 147,148 | |
| Metabolic enzymes | Increased expression of Insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGFBP3 with higher body fat | Increased expression of IGF-1 and IGFBP3 with increased muscle growth of cattle | 149,150 |
| Cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis | Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces MAPK-dependent proinflammatory cytokine/expression® suppresses PPARγ and insulin responsiveness. | Liver transcriptomics in porcine using RNA seq - differential expression of LPS endotoxin/pro-inflammatory cytokines (LPS/IL-1) | 151,152 |
| Fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene | Homozygous for the risk alleles of SNP rs993939—linked with increased risk for obesity | Mapped between SW1302 and SWR1130 on SSC6 in the porcine adjacent to the region with QTLs for IM percentage | 153,154 |
| Agouti signaling protein (ASIP) | ASIP through interaction with STAT 1/3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) and PPARγ | ASIP/melanocortin signaling system in chickens | 155,156 |
| ASIP mRNA >9-fold increase in IM of Japanese Black cattle vs. Holstein | 157 |