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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 18.
Published in final edited form as: J Biomech. 2015 Aug 12;48(12):2968–2975. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.07.041

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Calculation of stochastic predictors from the BMD map of human vertebrae. (a) A DXA image of a human vertebra in the PA projection from Hologic densitometers; (b) A typical BMD map obtained from the raw data of DXA scans of human vertebrae; (c) A hole-effect fitting model of the experimental variogram of the BMD map. The stochastic predictors, correlation length (L), sill variance (c) and nugget variance (c0), were extracted from the hole-effect model; and (d) An exponential fitting model of the experimental variogram of the BMD map.